Wednesday, October 30, 2019

How to Teach English as a Second Language (ESL) Students to Read and Research Paper

How to Teach English as a Second Language (ESL) Students to Read and Reading Comprehension - Research Paper Example Effective instruction needs to include the development of thinking skills as well as the teaching of learning strategies that will help them do so. The Role of the Ll in Instruction One way in which to encourage students to have confidence in their abilities is to promote the use of the L1 in the L2 reading program. This enables the learners to access and apply any existing L1 knowledge to the L2. From a socio-linguistic viewpoint, this meets the criteria for the Ll- L2 transfer continuum and constitutes positive rather than being what was referred to in the past as negative interference of the Ll (Chamot, 2004; Chamot, 2005; Shanahan & Beck, 2006). Direct Instruction of Basic Decoding Strategies In addition to incorporating the Ll in the reading tutoring program as a way to facilitate positive transfer and provide student participants with a means for accessing and sharing background knowledge and personal experience, teacher should also place an emphasis on the direct instruction o f basic decoding strategies. In discussing the relationship between bottom-up strategies and reading ability, Stanovich (1980) and Grabe (1988) argue that reading is more dependent on the speed with which a reader can recognize words and construct a representation using bottom-up skills than on the ability to use top-down skills to make predictions about the text. Grabe (1988) concurs with Stanovich's (1980) position when he states, "There is a need for a massive receptive vocabulary that is rapidly, accurately, and automatically accessed - a fact that may be the greatest single impediment to fluent reading by ESL students" (p. 63). According to Chall, Jacobs, and Baldwin (1990), there are a number of effective methods for teaching vocabulary, including those methods that emphasize direct instruction as well as those that rely on the acquisition of vocabulary through wide reading of increasingly difficult texts. An example of this latter methodology is the whole language approach, w hich proposes that basal readers and the teaching of skills be abandoned in favor of real literature and a combination of reading and writing (Chall, Jacobs, & Baldwin, 1990). While Chall, Jacobs and Baldwin (1990) found this strategy to be effective with certain groups of readers, they also noted that there is still a need to focus on basic skills and to make use of a combination of reading textbooks (basal readers), workbooks, and wider reading in order to achieve optimal results in teaching reading. Brisk and Harrington (2000) also address the debate over the merits of skill-based and meaning-based approaches, and they point out that neither approach should be embraced to the exclusion of the other. Rather, "literacy uses need to make sense in order for students to acquire and develop them. In turn, students need skills to make use of literacy" (Brisk & Harrington, 2000, p. viii). Snow et al. (1998) further emphasize that "literacy programs should be designed to provide optimal s upport for cognitive, language, and social development, within this broad focus; however, ample attention should be paid to skills that are known to predict future reading achievement" (p. 9). Specifically, there is a need for inexperienced readers to concentrate on the connection between letters and

Monday, October 28, 2019

Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression Essay Example for Free

Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression Essay During the Great Depression people suffered from lack of work, food and hope for the country and survival. America was ready for change and an end to the depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt‘s New Deal programs would help the economic recovery. The New Deal dramatically increased the role of the government in American life and strengthened the power of the government. The â€Å"Three R’s† of the New Deal which are Relief, Recovery, and Reform. Many of the long lasting effects of the United States economy have brought economic stability to the country. The programs of the New Deal had the three goals of relief for people who were suffering. Examples of programs that are part of the relief is that in 1933, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) federally funded and provided jobs, cheap electricity, and flood control to poor rural areas and the Public Works Administration (PWA) which provides jobs through construction projects, such as bridges, housing, hospitals, schools, and aircraft carriers. The second goal was recovery for the economy for it to grow again. Programs that are part of the recovery program is the National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA) helped businesses to recover and the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) was created to help homeowners save their homes from foreclosures. The third goal was reform measures to avoid future depressions. In 1935 the Social Security Act is a combination of public assistance and insurance and the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) guaranteed labor the right to for unions and practice collective bargaining. Many of these programs still exist today to help many people in society. The New Deal had long lasting effects on the United States economy. The policies effects the social and ethnic groups. Native Americans were granted citizenship and tribal self-government as well as their language, customs, and religious. African Americans benefited less from the deal but later received some help and many moved from the Republican to Democratic Party. Women also did not benefit from the New Deal but more women ran for and won political office. In society and culture the Depression, the New Deal and new technology reshaped how people lived and thought. The increasing popularity in movies and radio programs, along with government supported art and writing, made the decade a productive era in American culture. President Roosevelt took many actions to combat the depression. The New Deal legacy has a huge impact in today’s society. The New Deal institutes new programs to extend federal aid and stimulate that nation’s economy. It has brought hope and gratitude from some people for the benefits they receive. It also brought anger and criticism from those who believe that it has taken more of their money in taxes and take their freedom through increased government regulations.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

A Philosophical Examination of Language Essay -- Phylosophy

A Philosophical Examination of Language "Philosophy is language idling." —Ludwig Wittgenstein    Language and philosophy have an intimate connection to one another; without a philosophical examination of the meanings and structure of language, we cannot easily ascertain the objective truth of the statements we make, nor can we usefully discuss abstract concepts. The philosophy of language seeks to understand the concepts expressed by language and to find a system by which it can effectively and accurately do so. This is more difficult than it appears at first; philosophers are looking for a theory of language which avoids the minute errors of meaning and usage which occur in all discussions of abstract concepts and which tend to lead those discussions into complicated dead-ends. Since so much of philosophy is currently concerned with the linguistic representation of reality, the bond between the philosophical and the linguistic is growing stronger. Philosophers can only write syntax for the languages they want to use in expressing theory with some knowledge of linguistics; and linguists can use philosophical principles to solve problems of meaning and syntax (Moravcsik 89). This strong link can be exploited to the advantage of both sides. In recent history philosophers have struggled with the question of precision in language and have sought to construct a system under which meanings can be discussed without danger of falling into circular or metaphysical traps. Two major approaches to this question have arisen in scientific circles of the twentieth century. Logical empiricism, also known as logical positivism, seeks to produce a language which consists of symbols combined precisely in accordance with sp... ...ohns Hopkins P, 1969. Katz, Jerrold J. The Philosophy of Language. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. Malcolm, Norman. Nothing is Hidden: Wittgenstein's Criticism of his Early Thought. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Moravcsik, J.M.E. Understanding Language: A Study of Theories in Linguistics and in Philosophy. The Hague: Mouton, 1975. Qadir, C.A. Logical Positivism. Lahore: Ripon P, 1965. Quine, Willard van Orman. "Two Dogmas of Empiricism." Readings in the Philosophy of Language. Eds. Jay F. Rosenberg & Charles Travis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1971. Rahim, Syed Ataur. Logical Positivism and Metaphysics. Hussainabad/Karachi: Rahim P, 1990. Sengupta, Kalyan Kumar. Language and Philosophy. Bombay: Allied P, 1969. Stevens, Allan. On Belief. [Online] Available http://www.duke.edu/~kellogg/Classes/Mentation/Issue1/stevens.htm, December 16, 1997.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Pros and Cons of Culture Shock

Name: Do Manh Thang Class: A15 QTKD ID: 1111260035 ASSIGNMENT’S TOPIC Pros and cons of culture shock Culture shock is an inevitably phenomenon which occurs commonly in our daily life. I believe that most of us have experienced culture shock by one way or others but some of us did not notice its influences in our life, and some even did not recognize it. In this paper, I will discuss about the pros and cons of culture shock. I will also tell you about my sparkling experience of culture shock to illustrate these pros and cons in more detailed and realistic approach.Normally, you may assume culture shock as the stress and the feeling of disorientation you experience in a new culture or new country. But culture shock basically refers to a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one. For the first thought, it seems to be very terrible and lead to bad impacts on individuals who suffer it. However, culture shock can also have positive implication as well as its negative implications. For the negative side, culture shock negative implications include three major issues.First, after a long period of feeling stress, you may suffer some psychosomatic problems such as headaches and stomachaches†¦ Second, you may also face some affective upheavals, which consist of feelings of loneliness, isolation, depression, drastic mood swings, and interaction awkwardness caused by the inability to perform optimally. Another negative implication you may have when you undergo culture shock is the cognitive exhaustion, which caused by difficulty in making accurate attribution. I had been a student of Vietnam Medical University before I took a decision of moving to Foreign Trade University. Read more about Pros and Cons Of ReligionAs a sojourner moving from an environment of one university to another environment of another university, I did also experience the negative implications of culture shock. For very first times, I were shocked to recognize that I might have to learn all things by myself without any force and help from teacher and friend. In my old university, we were taught everything in detail. We even have practicing time for deeper understanding what we have learned. In our class, there are four or five groups of learning. In group, we students help each other to get the insight of the lessons easier and faster.However, Foreign Trade University (FTU) is a different story. We have to learn more details at home. Teachers just show us the very overall aspects of the problem. We also have team working but it does different things to my old university. Teamwork at FTU is when you have to learn and prepare theories well to perform better on discussing and solving a given case study or a problem. High tension and intensive working in this environment made me feel tired and stressed. I usually had headaches and felt sleepy. This situation of these psychosomatic problems had lasted for almost 1 year until the second semester came.I also witnessed cognitive exhaustion when I had just moved to FTU. As a vice monitor, I desired to do something to encourage the learning spirit of my class. But I did not find an appropriate way to do because I found there is a difference between my classmates’ learning style and what I had used to. Stucking in asking what I should do, finally my results were even so bad in first semester. On the other hand, culture shock, if managed effectively, can have some positive effects. I have realized that for the next semesters.These positive effects include: a sense of well-being and heightened positive self- esteem, emotional richness and enhanced tolerance for ambiguity, behavioral competence in social interaction , cognitive openness and flexibility, and an enhanced optimism about self, others, and the everyday surroundings. Overall, for managing culture shock effectively, there are some practical tools: First, newcomers should realize that culture shock is inevitable. It is an unavoidable experience that most people encounter when relocating from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one.Second, new arrivals should understand that culture shock arises because of the unfamiliar environment, when one is bombarded and saturated with unfamiliar cues. Developing a realistically positive outlook in viewing their one-time experience as a precious adventure and doing some positive reframing of surprising events may help to lower their stress level. Third, making an effort to establish broad-based contacts with memers of the host culture and learning to communicate with them can increase local knowledge and reduce such feeling of vulnerability.Cultivating a deeper, supportive friendship network an d easing themselves into the new setting can also help to restore the identity equilibrium state. Likewise, the more members of the host culture extend a helping hand and the more they attempt to increase their familiarity with the new arrivals, the more they can increase the newcomers’ sense of security and inclusion. Fifth, culture shock is induced partly by an intense feeling of incompetence.By seeking out positive role models or mentors, newcomers may be able to find reliable and competent cultural bridge persons in easing the stress level of their initial culture shock experience. Finally, newcomers should realize that culture shock is a transitional affective phase of stress that ebbs and flows from high to low intensity. New arrivals must hang on to a resilient sense of humor and emphasize the positive aspects of the environment rather than engaging in prolonged concentration on its negative aspects, realizing that these â€Å"growing pains† may lead to long- te rm personal and professional growth and development.After one semester suffering negative impacts of culture shock, I started to learn how to get used to my new university. I learn the way for effective self-study at home. I also participated in a club to go through what my friends do in this university. I realized that they do not only learn from lectures and textbooks, but they also learn from non- academic activites. I feel happy when I could get along with my courses, follow the discussion in team working, and even make important distributions to the results of my group and my club.I could say that I have had a better sense of well- being and heightened positive self-esteem. It is hard to imagine whether I will do well in future to adapt in new environment such as a new work place or a new country without experiences about culture shock in the past. Culture shock has trained me to behave more appropriatly in social interaction and think more optimistic about people and things ar ound me everyday. Most of my bad feelings and negative viewpoints are now replaced with the better ones.By learning to control culture shock and to adapt with new environment, I have also obtained more knowledge and skills that I did not know before. It is undeniable that culture shock has made a force and conditions to me to perfect myself. Although it negative impacts made me nearly exhausted, I also want to say a thank to culture shock experiences of bringing me positive wisdoms for developing a new better version of me.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity

The book, Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, discusses the integration of the different fields of Christianity and psychology. In this book, the author, DN Entwistle, discusses integration as a combining the two books of God. According to Entwistle (2004), â€Å"the book of god’s Word referred to the Bible, and the book of God’s works reflects His deeds written throughout His creation. (p. 166). † This is clearly shown in the further sections of the book which discusses the models of integration.He then proceeds to include five models of integration in the book which are: enemies, spies, colonialists, neutral parties, and allies as subjects of One Sovereign. The enemies’ model sees Christianity and psychology as enemies that need to be kept totally separate. The spies’ model has one discipline going into the other to take only what works for them. Psychology, as applied to this discussion, enters the Christian world just to take the religious concepts that will work well with psychology. The colonialist’ model has one discipline colonizing or taking control and prominence over the other.Religion works with psychology as long as religion is superior to psychology. The neutral parties’ model, on the other hand, has both disciplines coexisting and recognizing each other as long as they respect each others’ boundaries. Psychology, according to the author, recognizes that religion has good concepts to offer but it will not encroach on religion’s domain. The allies as subjects of One Sovereign model have both discipline working together to help people. It uses psychological and theological concepts together to gain a better understanding of the truth.According to Entwistle (2004), â€Å"God gave birth to the subject of psychology (human behavior) when he created human beings. God granted us the foundations of theology when He gave us His Word (p. 175). †The book basically presen ts the idea that there are two books of God: His word and His works (Entwistle, 2004). Psychology deals with God’s works and theology deals with His word. Man’s job as Christian counselors is to interpret both books and integrate them together so that both books can be used in tandem to help other people.According to Entwistle, if one finds something that does not make sense between both books, there is a conflict that needs to be resolved before we can use it. At this point, one needs to go back and reread and study both books to see if one can find the discrepancy. Entwistle (2004) says that god gave man both books, but man has to interpret for himself. The problem is not with God’s books, but it is the way man interprets them. Human understanding of God’s books is based on man’s worldview (Entwistle, 2004).While this may not necessarily be a new theory, a reading of this book has brought to mind a certain experience wherein I felt that theology alone was not able to answer the many questions that I had. This had to do with my younger years when I had just followed my parent’s beliefs. When I began to question things, I looked to theology for answers but found none. I felt betrayed and confused. I had grown up believing that there were certain truths in this world and my religion was one of them. As I began to learn about the world, there were a number of things that just did not add up so to speak.In my confusion and sadness, I turned away from my faith and began to explore other things. Needless to say, it was a very trying and difficult experience for me. I began to feel anger deep inside that I feel came from the betrayal at not being able to find the answers to the questions I had. As I read the book, however, I began to understand those troubled times even more. I realized that I had only seen a part of the whole truth and was therefore unable to completely understand it. It was not about just knowing theology but also by having a good understanding of psychology.To properly integrate the two disciplines, we need to have a good understanding of both. We cannot just know theology or psychology and expect to integrate them well. We need to have a working knowledge of psychological theories and concepts as well as a working knowledge of God’s word. We need to remember, though, that our knowledge is only as good as our interpretation. God’s works have been affected by the fall into sin, and as a work of God our interpretations will be colored by the fall as well.On a personal level, I think this book has a lot of good ideas and concepts to it. I found it interesting to discuss the two books of God, because I had heard the term and knew what it meant, but had not really thought about what it included. I also liked the models of integration and their explanations. They were explained well enough that anyone could follow them easily. Some of the things that bothered me the most abo ut the book and its ideas are: the idea of interpretation, the definition of integration, and where do we go from here.If we are the interpreters of God’s two books and we know that the fall and sin have colored our interpretations, how do we know if our interpretations of the books are correct? Can we interpret either book accurately? If our interpretations are wrong, can we do more harm than good to our clients? Is the definition of integration complete enough to help us know what we need to help others? When we use the current definitions of integration, do we get a complete picture of what integration means to both disciplines?With all of the models of integration, where do we go next? How do we make progress in the integration process? Can we ever integrate to a point where we can agree on most aspects of a model, or will there always be disagreement between the disciplines? These are all questions that I think are important to consider about integration. I think that in tegrating Christianity and psychology can benefit a Christian client by allowing us to address spiritual matters and use spiritual techniques for healing.It is important to remember that religion and psychology are both parts of God’s truth to us and can be used to help ourselves and others. When the two disciplines are integrated, we have many more options than when we use one or the other discipline separately. Finally use of both disciplines can help us reach people of faith as well as people who are not Christians, if we can use them both carefully and competently. This is perhaps the greatest thing that we can learn from this book because it not only helps solidify one’s faith but also teach other people about their own faith as well.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

To colon or to semicolon - Emphasis

To colon or to semicolon To colon or to semicolon The colon is a common cause of bellyache. The semicolon can leave people dazed and confused. But rather than cutting them completely from your punctuation diet, refer to the following guidelines and youll soon find just the right dosage for all your writing needs. The colon The colon is very useful for introducing things, for example: * bullet points * lists within your text, eg I learned three things from this article: how to use colons, how to use semicolons, and that the writer liked extended metaphors. * long, indented quotes. It can also act like an arrow, pointing the reader on from a statement to the reason for, or outcome of, that statement. For example: she was elated to know what those two little dots were for: she started using them with confidence and glee. The system here always implies a link between the two sections, and can be generally summed up as: * cause: effect, or * fact: explanation. In UK English, always use lower case after a colon. (American style guides usually recommend the opposite.) The only exception is if you are introducing bullet points that are each full sentences. The semicolon Think of the semicolon as the super comma: they act in a similar way, but indicate a longer pause. They can also be used to show a link between parallel ideas. Use them to separate long phrases in a list when at least one of the phrases contains a comma, eg My favourite mediums for writing semicolons are: crayons; 2B pencils; fountain pens, in blue or black; and, obviously, huge magic markers. Semicolons are also good for linking two related clauses. In this way, the semicolon replaces the word and or but eg I prefer the explanation about colons; Denise prefers the semicolon section. So dont be afraid: used fairly sparingly, these two punctuation marks can bring much more clarity and variety to your documents. Bon appà ©tit!

Monday, October 21, 2019

Free Essays on Group Policy 2003

Windows 2003 Group Policy Group policy management console found in Windows Server 2003 is used to allow administrators to setup configurations for servers and users. Local policy settings can be applied to any computer. For computers on a domain, an administrator can apply the group policy across sites, domains, or organizational units found in Active Directory. Group policy support is found on Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, Microsoft Windows XP Professional, and Microsoft Windows 2003 Server. With Active Directory infrastructure and group policies an administrator can take advantage of policy-based administration to do many things. Allow one or many administrators to manage all users and computers found in the network. Simplify the work of system updates and application installations for the administrator. Constantly keep security settings up to date on the network. Create standard workstation environments for different groups of users. Group policies can be used to create user-related policies as well as security, networking, and many polices found at the local computer level. Group policy is also used in management of domain controllers and member servers. Group policy found in Windows 2003 Server has a new graphical user interface (GUI). This gives the administrator an on screen application used to implement and deploy group policies. Windows 2003 Server adds an additional 200 new policy settings from those found in Windows 2000 Server. There is also additional support for Windows Management Instrumentation filters to control how group polices are applied to computers and users. Administrators are able to manage all the computers in the network centrally through Active Directory and Group Policy. The group policy is used to deliver managed computer environments allowing the administrator to work more proficiently because of the centralized management. Measurement of total ... Free Essays on Group Policy 2003 Free Essays on Group Policy 2003 Windows 2003 Group Policy Group policy management console found in Windows Server 2003 is used to allow administrators to setup configurations for servers and users. Local policy settings can be applied to any computer. For computers on a domain, an administrator can apply the group policy across sites, domains, or organizational units found in Active Directory. Group policy support is found on Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, Microsoft Windows XP Professional, and Microsoft Windows 2003 Server. With Active Directory infrastructure and group policies an administrator can take advantage of policy-based administration to do many things. Allow one or many administrators to manage all users and computers found in the network. Simplify the work of system updates and application installations for the administrator. Constantly keep security settings up to date on the network. Create standard workstation environments for different groups of users. Group policies can be used to create user-related policies as well as security, networking, and many polices found at the local computer level. Group policy is also used in management of domain controllers and member servers. Group policy found in Windows 2003 Server has a new graphical user interface (GUI). This gives the administrator an on screen application used to implement and deploy group policies. Windows 2003 Server adds an additional 200 new policy settings from those found in Windows 2000 Server. There is also additional support for Windows Management Instrumentation filters to control how group polices are applied to computers and users. Administrators are able to manage all the computers in the network centrally through Active Directory and Group Policy. The group policy is used to deliver managed computer environments allowing the administrator to work more proficiently because of the centralized management. Measurement of total ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Understanding the German Article and Pronoun Ihr

Understanding the German Article and Pronoun Ihr Often at times German learners are confused about „ihrâ€Å" (and friends). No wonder because entering „ihrâ€Å" into google translate provides us with the following list: hertheiryour (Sir/Ma’am)to heryou-all If I have five options to choose from in any other than my native language, I’d be confused too. Luckily I grew up with German. But you probably have not been so fortunate (from a language learning point of view of course) so let me bring some light into your darkness. The problem is the missing awareness regarding the differences between an article and a pronoun.   If I segregate the above list of possible translations into these two categories things will get a bit clearer already:       Article                               Pronoun      her (car)                            to her (can’t put „carâ€Å" here      their (car)                         you all (can’t put „carâ€Å" here)      your (Sir/Ma’am)                   A few examples:   Ã‚     Ihre Mutter kommt am Wochenende zu Besuch.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Her / Their / Your mother comes to visit this weekend.  Ã‚  Ã‚      Notice that there’s no difference in „ihreâ€Å" whether you say „herâ€Å", „theirâ€Å" or „yourâ€Å".   Ã‚     Ich gebe ihr einen Kuss.         Ã‚  Ã‚      I give her a kiss  Ã‚      There is no noun after „ihrâ€Å"   Ã‚     Ihr kà ¶nnt hier nicht bleiben.            Ã‚  Ã‚     You (people) can’t stay here.  Ã‚     Ã‚   There is no noun after „ihrâ€Å" If you are able to distinguish an article from a pronoun, you improve your chances of making the right choice. Do you know what the difference between these two is? An article is never on it’s own. It is always (!) accompanied by a noun (words that can have   Ã‚     a „theâ€Å" in front of them like „the carâ€Å"). Articles come in various forms: der, ein-, mein-, dies-,  welch-, kein-A pronoun stands pro-noun i.e. for a noun which means that it makes any noun redundant.   With „ihrâ€Å" this is a bit tricky but let me take another pronoun to illustrate this.   Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬Å¾sein Autoâ€Å"  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     vs  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ihn  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his car                                        him (car?) Testing your understanding Can you identify the pronouns and the articles in the following sentences?   Ã‚     Sie fragte ihren Mann nach seiner Meinung.  Ã‚     Aber ihr Mann antwortete ihr nicht.  Ã‚     She asked her husband for his opinion.                But her husband didn’t answer her.       [Scroll down to the end of this article to find the answer.] Did you find all pronouns and articles? Good. Then let’s move on. Endings Now what’s with the endings? Articles as well as pronouns can have endings and those depend on the noun that they are accompanying or replacing. Two examples:   Ã‚     Kennst du ihren Mann?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know her husband?  Ã‚     Nein, ihren kenne ich nicht, aber deinen.      No, hers I don’t know, but yours. You will have noticed that the article „ihren (Mann)â€Å" as well as the pronoun „ihrenâ€Å" do both have the same ending as they both refer to „Mannâ€Å". Grammatically speaking „Mannâ€Å" is masculine and stands in the accusative case. But looking at the English translation you will realize that there is a clear difference between those as a comparison of „herâ€Å" and „hersâ€Å" show. So far it even seems that it doesn’t matter at all whether we have an article in front of us or a pronoun. That calls for one more example:   Ã‚     Magst du ihr Auto?  Ã‚     Do you like her car?   Ã‚     Nein, ihres mag ich nicht, aber deins.      No, hers I don’t like, but yours. And now we finally have a difference. The following table should illustrate the differences in another form:                                 Article                         Pronoun masculine       ihr.x Mann                  ihrer neuter                ihr.x Auto                     ihres feminine          ihre Freundin             ihre plural                  ihre Freundinnen    ihre Another interesting observation is that a pronoun always has an article ending while an article at times doesnt (ihr.x Mann).  This is due to the fact that there are three cases in which there is no ending at the end of an article:                                    masc.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     neuter  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     feminine  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     plural Nominative  Ã‚     ein                   ein  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚      Accusative                                 ein Dative Genitive In these three cases the following articles do not get an ending:  ein, mein (and all articles of the same family: dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr), kein In all other cases they always have an ending which corresponds with those of the pronouns. Summary To summarize: articles and pronouns often  look alike and can only be distinguished by their companion or a lack of it.article- and pronoun endings only differ in three cases (see last table)pronouns replace a noun and therefore are never found directly next to a noun This video helps you a bit  with the basic (personal) pronouns, er, es and sie. Là ¶sung from above:   Ã‚     Sie (pronoun) fragte ihren Mann (article) nach seiner Meinung (article).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Aber ihr Mann (article) antwortete ihr (pronoun) nicht.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Assignment Marketing Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Research - Assignment Example Qualitative technique seeks to exemplify attitudes concerning behavior posed by consumers. Credits depicted by this technique include intense scrutiny incorporated during research. Unlike quantitative, it focuses on value instead of statistical facts (Katsirikou & Skiadas: 2010, pp. 27). This encompassed digging deeply to unveil perceptions encompassed by consumers. In-depth analysis occurs by execution of interviews performed at individual stages. The interviews demand exhaustive information because consumers explicate themselves. The interviews depict no time limits and thus customers entail chances to offer explanations concerning their behavior. Therefore, qualitative technique clinches the tribute of gathering detailed information. Detailed information entails negligible loopholes because it equips the researcher with satisfactory knowledge. Consequently, sufficient knowledge culminates to the researcher drawing sound conclusions concerning their study. Interviews conducted resu lt to rich knowledge concerning consumer mannerisms. Qualitative technique thus entails illuminations of a dependable method. Under this technique, there encompasses various approaches towards gathering rightful information involving the customer’s. The interviews depict liberated forums where consumers would articulate themselves without panic of intimidation. In addition, the technique presents contact with the clientele. This methodology thus offers a personal touch, hence urging consumers to air their feelings eloquently (Tadic & Mamic: 2011, pp. 280). In addition, incorporation of focus groups eminent in qualitative technique presents a reliable approach. This gains explanations from the information that these groups involve experts who seek digging for information by discussing. Observational technique depicts another qualitative technique. The method entails the advantage of being economical.

Friday, October 18, 2019

What is global sourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is global sourcing - Assignment Example Global sourcing is important due to the fact that it broadens the knowledge on how to conduct businesses in other countries (Schneid, 2010). In addition, global sourcing is always cheaper than producing the goods and services on one’s own. Furthermore, global sourcing leads to reciprocating of trade. For instance, it ensures both buying as well as selling an organization at the same time (Sollish and Semanik, 2011). This leads to creation of a mutually beneficial economic bond between the companies involved in the transaction, as well as, create strong business relations between the countries involved. Global sourcing also allows a nation to tap into the raw materials of other nations, at lower costs under the cover of trade relations (Oshri and Global Sourcing Workshop, 2010). This is very beneficial if the buying nation has limited resources, or if it is in need of preserving its resources. These are some of the reasons as to why a company based in the United States would choose to purchase items and services from foreign

Natural Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Natural Monopoly - Essay Example With the pay as you go payment model, this system is bound to favor most companies and firms especially the small firms. As the usage increases so does the costs for example the charges would depend on the number of users as well as the number of transactions. The different benefits of SaaS have gone a step further to encourage the monopoly that is in the software development world. Saas implementation will allow for the IT (Information Technology) budget to go further as the costs are lesser as compared to the acquiring of traditional software. The people services in SaaS are also not underestimated. Another advantage that is fanning the SaaS flame is that it allows for better management of growth. There is also the aspect of the vendor being accountable as they are and will remain in contact with the user even after the purchase of the software (MultiMedia Communications). As the computer software is hosted at the vendor’s premises in SaaS, the support offered by the vendor on the software only goes further to encourage users to opt for this technology. The staffs of the vendor company are in a better position to offer the best support as well as maintenance on the software. The software can and is also upgraded often as they are in close contact with the client and can get to know the changing user needs and requirements. The close contact will enable the development of software that is very detailed and specific to the user’s needs. Traditional software applications have not done much to discourage monopoly in the software development world. Traditional software is expensive as its upfront licensing costs as well as the annual evergreen support costs are off the roof. All other costs including maintenance and management are provided for by the user, an aspect that many a company are running away from as they try to minimize their

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Industry research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industry research paper - Essay Example These are often regarded as exclusive moments of time that differ from regular occurrences. Every event necessitates the aspects like funding, managing employees, undertaking marketing along with public relation activities, arranging security and organizing decorations among others. The way organizations deal with managing events is said to be event management. It comprises various important elements like organizational objectives, allocated roles along with duties, ownership of resources as well as procedures, crucial success factors and event management mechanisms. Notably, event management has arisen as a vibrant segment in tourism and leisure industry. The range and admiration of events have also grown significantly in this present day context in the similar industry. Since the number of events grows extensively in every year, there eventually lays ongoing requirement of developing the overall performance of event management experts who are capable of forming, arranging and manag ing events. Irrespective of size, events necessitate high level of planning, variety of skills and numerous deliberate efforts (Kose et al, 2010). Special events are phenomenal aspects arising from non-routine occasions that entail vocational, cultural, individual and organizational objectives. The objectives of special events are to enlighten, celebrate, amuse or experiment the involvement of any group of individuals. This industry is viewed to be highly fragmented and provides discretionary services. However, the recent economic recession has hit the special event industry quite hard, with several organizations holding fewer and smaller events. Nevertheless, it is expected that the special event industry will retrieve from this adverse situation with the improvement in economy (IBISWorld, 2014). In the UK, the market of special event is likely to be worth  £18.8 billion, which stood in the year 2009, comprising spending at venues and broader destinations by event

Answer the question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Answer the question - Essay Example It is only logical to integrate the planned content and opportunities as well as the experience of students in defining curriculum. Adopting a broader definition of curriculum that includes the students’ experiences conforms to the experiential theory that supports experiential education. Experiential education requires curriculum developers to think broadly and develop workable principles that can determine what students learn and assess their feelings about the content delivered. In my opinion, experiential education prepares students for the workplace in a better manner. It represents a pragmatic move from the traditional philosophies to modern philosophies that consider the internal factors of an individual. There is a salient need for the curriculum to ensure that an individual experiences balanced development (Posner, 2003). Although individuals have varying experiences, curriculum definitions should seek to integrate the main views of students. In this way, education can ensure that students register intellectual development and develop social skills. My definition of curriculum conforms to the thi rd definition that gives attention to the students actual learning and does not limit itself to the plans developed by

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Industry research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industry research paper - Essay Example These are often regarded as exclusive moments of time that differ from regular occurrences. Every event necessitates the aspects like funding, managing employees, undertaking marketing along with public relation activities, arranging security and organizing decorations among others. The way organizations deal with managing events is said to be event management. It comprises various important elements like organizational objectives, allocated roles along with duties, ownership of resources as well as procedures, crucial success factors and event management mechanisms. Notably, event management has arisen as a vibrant segment in tourism and leisure industry. The range and admiration of events have also grown significantly in this present day context in the similar industry. Since the number of events grows extensively in every year, there eventually lays ongoing requirement of developing the overall performance of event management experts who are capable of forming, arranging and manag ing events. Irrespective of size, events necessitate high level of planning, variety of skills and numerous deliberate efforts (Kose et al, 2010). Special events are phenomenal aspects arising from non-routine occasions that entail vocational, cultural, individual and organizational objectives. The objectives of special events are to enlighten, celebrate, amuse or experiment the involvement of any group of individuals. This industry is viewed to be highly fragmented and provides discretionary services. However, the recent economic recession has hit the special event industry quite hard, with several organizations holding fewer and smaller events. Nevertheless, it is expected that the special event industry will retrieve from this adverse situation with the improvement in economy (IBISWorld, 2014). In the UK, the market of special event is likely to be worth  £18.8 billion, which stood in the year 2009, comprising spending at venues and broader destinations by event

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Computer Security - Essay Example Secondly, I discovered that my wireless internet access was not secured. Thirdly, I found out that there were several problems with the installation settings of my external mouse and the web cam. Fourthly, my operating system was not properly configured with all of the software I had in my computer. And lastly I discovered that my antivirus was not up to date. When mitigating a risk, it does not necessarily mean to fully eliminate the threat but an effort towards minimizing the impending risks. It is therefore a step taken by a person who fully becomes aware of the existing risks and decides to find ways of preventing or minimizing chances of such risks occurring. I can mitigate my risks on my personal computer by first ensuring that I leave my personal computer somewhere hidden whenever I am out of the house and also ensuring that I fully attend to my personal computer bag whenever I carry my computer around or when am travelling. Secondly, ensuring that I use WPA2 encryption on my internet access point and also configuring my computer with a firewall to ensure that I am not hacked. Third, I would also perform a proper installation for my hardware devices; mouse and the webcam. Fourth, I would ensure that my operating system is properly configured with all the software in my computer. And lastly I would ensure that I install an antivirus software that would keep my computer safe from viruses from external hard disks and flash disks and the one that automatically performs regular updates to remain

Monday, October 14, 2019

Explore the significance of the witches and the supernatural in the play Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Explore the significance of the witches and the supernatural in the play Macbeth Essay King James I strongly believed in witchcraft, and Shakespeare used this idea to appeal to him. Shakespeare used the ideas of witchcraft, kingship, and the moral order to develop the play, as these themes were greatly admired in the Jacobean ere. The opening of the play contains many subtle links to the supernatural. The three witches open the scene in an open place with thunder and lightning, which was believed in superstitious times that fierce storms released forces of evil, and were omens of unrest in individual people and whole countries. I will be investigating the significance of the witches and I will be looking at the supernatural effects they have on the play Macbeth. Nowadays Macbeth is referred to by many people as The Scottish Play and within the theatres it would be considered bad luck to mention the name of The Scottish Play whilst there are plays taking place on stage. So this goes to show that the supernatural aspect of the play has been carried forward to this very day. Shakespeares tragedy is about Macbeths bloody rise to power, including the murder of the Scottish king, Duncan, and the guilt-ridden path of evil deeds generating still more evil deeds. As an integral part of this thematic web is the plays most memorable character, Lady Macbeth. Like her husband, Lady Macbeths ambition for power leads her into insomnia and madness. But while Macbeth responds to the prophecies of the plays famous trio of witches, Lady Macbeth goes even further by figuratively transforming herself into an unnatural, desexualized evil spirit. The witches themselves are a major part of supernatural, and the play, as they can be seen as starting it all off. In the first scene, we see them establishing a link with the supernatural. Their words also link them to Macbeth, and show that right from the start, he has an influence from them. Fair is foul, and foul is fair The witches say this in a chant like way, and you can tell it is a mischievous way of saying it. It shows things will be confused, and moral order will be changed. It also shows that the witches believe that evil is good, and good they find repulsive. This shows their attitude to life, but it could also be a warning to the audience that things to follow are not what they may have seemed, and will be confused. This could also associate them with the disruption of both the natural and social order, as later when Macbeth kills Duncan, many things are affected, and the witches could be blamed for this. The witches in the play of Macbeth are the most powerful characters in the play. All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter (Act 1 Scene 3) The witches start off the play by hailing Macbeth and I believe that if the witches didnt start off by saying this, then the play wouldnt have gone ahead. These quotes set out the storyline of the play and give structure of events. The play wouldnt have been interesting if they hadnt hailed Macbeth. The appearance of the witches is very much supernatural and something to be feared. So withered and so wild in their attire (Act 1 Scene 3) Banquo in the play refers to the witches as withered, wild and attire; I think this is because in the Jacobean times people who were ugly or didnt have a husband were labelled as witches. People feared witches in those times possibly because mixing with these witches could have possibly resulted in your death. As many witches in those days were either beheaded or thrown from cliffs to see they could fly. Are ye fantastical, or that indeed (Act 1 Scene 3) This is referring to the supernatural element of the witches in the play, which is again said by Banquo. The main word in the quote that is referring to the supernatural element of the witches is fantastical. In those fantastical didnt mean fantastic as it does today, but instead it meant ludicrously odd and lots of imaginary around them.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Background Of Company: Telekom

Background Of Company: Telekom Introduction In economic field, there are many types of market structure. The common market structures that we all knew are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic and also oligopoly. In this assignment, we will put priority on monopoly and perfect competition. As we all knew that, monopoly is a situation where there is one seller which the firm is the industry and many buyers in the market whereas monopolistic is a type of market structure where a large number of firms produce close but not perfect substitute product. In this assignment, our group has chosen Telekom Malaysia as the example of company that practices monopoly structure. Throughout this group assignment, we managed to found a lot of information about Telekom Malaysia. The information are shown below : Background of Company (Telekom) Telekom Malaysia BHD (TM) is the first telecommunication monopoly company in the country that still remains top telecom group and a fast-growing international player in the Asian region. The company continues to control the fixed-line telecom market with more than 4.6 million access lines. In addition to the fixed-line business, TM is one Malaysias leading cellular telephone provider and leading Internet provider, TMNet, which is also the sole broadband provider in the country. In addition to their operation in Malaysia, TM has developed a network subsidiaries and investments internationally with the focus on Asian region. In 2005, the company is listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Characteristic In monopoly, there are many characteristic. One of the characteristic is that there are no competition between the companies as it is only seller in the market. Telekom Malaysia is the largest telecommunication company in Malaysia. It has a monopoly on the fixed line network. Besides that, there are many buyers in the market. Since Telekom Malaysia was build, many citizens in Malaysia started to use their services. It also has a considerable market share of the mobile communications market after acquisition of Celcom and TM Touch. Not only have that, Telekom Malaysia right now also offered narrowband and broadband connectivity which is now the DSL broadband provider in the industry. Thirdly, the characteristic of monopoly is that the firm enjoys abnormal profits. Because there are no other competitors, the firm has the power to monopolies the price of their goods and services. In this matter, the consumer have no other choice, so they will either choose or leave the product. The last characteristic of monopoly is barriers to entry which the firm will reduce the ability of new firms to enter the market and compete. Advantages and Disadvantages between Monopoly and Perfect Competition There are some advantages and disadvantages of monopoly. Firstly, the advantage is monopoly has only one firm and the market is the price maker. Hence, the price of the goods and services will be stable. Secondly, due to the absence of the competition, monopoly firm can receive the maximum profits from their sales. On the other hand, the first disadvantage is a high price of a low quality good and service may be charged on the consumer. Secondly, because of no competition may lead to low quality and outdated good and service. There are also some advantages and disadvantages of perfect competition. The first advantage is due to the presence of the competition, consumers can get a lower price of the goods and services. This is because all the firms produce identical products and the firms are price taker. Secondly, in the perfect competition, the firms must compete to each other to increase their sales. Because of this situation, it will encourage each firms efficiency and it will also encourage faster economic growth. However, perfect competition has disadvantages too. Firstly, unequally of the distribution of the goods and services because of the allocation of resources is determined by the distribution of income. Secondly, externalities are ignored. For example, when there are external benefits, too little goods are produced and when there are external costs, too much goods are produced. Comparison between Monopoly and Perfect Competition In the perfect competition, there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market competing with each other. The price fixed by the industry is accepted by all the firms operating in the market. While in the monopoly, there is only one single seller but a large number of buyers. Hence, the firms are price maker and they all decide the prices. Besides that, a perfectly competitive firm makes only normal profit in the long run. This is because there is freedom of entry and exit. But under monopoly, the firm continues earning profits even in the long run since there are strong barriers to the entry of new firms in the monopolistic industry. Conclusion In a nutshell, throughout this assignment, we are able to learn more about monopoly and monopolistic market structure. Apart from that, our group members and I also learnt that we have to work together effectively and efficiently to make sure our task get done well. Although we faced some challenges and difficulties when doing this assignment, but we still make through it with everyones collaboration. Besides that, we have also learnt about the specialty of monopoly and monopolistic market structure in economics view. Therefore, we can apply it during class as we have already learnt deeper on them. Lastly, economics is important because it can be used in our daily life no matter for the present or in the future.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Simplicity and Freedom in Walden by Henry David Thoreau Essay -- Walde

In chapter two of Henry David Thoreau's Walden, entitled "Where I Lived, and What I Lived for", there are two themes that run throughout the narrative. The key theme that emerges continually is that of simplicity with the additional theme being that of freedom. Thoreau finds himself surrounded by a world that has no true freedom or simplified ways, with people committed to the world that surrounds them rather than being committed to their own true self within nature. Simplicity is defined in the Merriam-Webster online dictionary as a simple state or quality; freedom from complexity; absence of elegance and luxury; uncomplicated. In the world today, many people think that an iphone or computer watch may make their world simple, but these technologies only make the world we live in more complex. Somehow there is confusion between simple and easy. It is most certainly easier to phone someone from your car rather than pulling over to a pay phone and getting out a quarter. It is also easier to put a letter in the fax machine rather than addressing an envelope and putting a stamp on it and walking it to the mailbox. These two instances that have been described are, in fact, easier, but not simpler. Simple is not having to figure out how to use the cell phone or fax machine and, at the same time, having these two items cluttering our space. Fewer people communicate through cards and letters now because we have e-mail and fewer people go to the li brary because we have the Internet. These are great items and they may make life easier, but not simpler. Thoreau craves the unsophisticated way of life. He agrees that too much stuff does not make life simpler, but more congested. The nation itself, with all its so-calle... ...farm, mowing the grass, feeding the animals, and harvesting the garden. The only real value of the farm, the close contact with nature, can be had for no cost. Thoreau found more freedom in his small hut by the pond where he was truly free from the trivial life of living in a village. He was free from the commercial rat race and was able to let himself be roused by nature. If Thoreau were still alive today, he would probably be astounded at how committed we are to so many things. The world that surrounds us has developed into a hurry up and wait situation. We are constantly in a hurry. We live in a world with drive through windows and breakfast bars. If we continue to hurry through life trying to get everything done so quickly, when do we really enjoy our life and our freedom? As Thoreau states, "Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life?" (6).

Friday, October 11, 2019

Lotus Versus Zen Buddhism

William Bettley 4/3/2013 Cul 260 Prof. Grohe Zen (or Chan) and Lotus Buddhism A Comparison Essay Buddhism, like many other major religions has expanded past a simple definition. There are a large number of regions that practice this astronomically large religion, and throughout the years since its introduction to the world it has developed a large number of ways to practice the belief system. The sect with the largest number of temples in Japan is Zen Buddhism, the second largest number belong to the Lotus, or Nichiren Sect.Zen, being the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese character Chan, falls into a much larger sect of Buddhism, with many different branches; this paper will look into the Japanese Zen branch and the Soto-Zen branch. These branches will be compared to the almost exclusively Japanese sect of Buddhism, Nichiren. The Nichiren sect, that borrows its name from its founder, is an extremely large sect of Buddhism whose main sutra is the Lotus Sutra. The Nichiren sect of Buddhism is any denomination of Buddhism that derives its beliefs from the teachings of the ancient Japanese teacher Nichiren. Nichiren is comprised of more than forty different independent religious institutions. Nichiren, originally a monk of the Tendai doctrine did not see himself as the creator of a sect, nor did he give his followers a name. It was in his death that his teachings, based on the Lotus Sutra, were denominated to be the Lotus sect of Buddhism† (Buswell Vol. 2). The largest of the Nichiren branches has its largest temple in Yamanashi and is called Nichrenshu. â€Å"Nichiren adopted the Tiantai School doctrine of reality as three thousand realms in a single thought to explain the theoretical basis upon which ordinary people can reach Buddhahood.He found this single thought doctrine not as an access from meditation, but as concrete manifestations from the three great secret dharmas. He derived these three secret dharmas from the latter half of the Lotus Sutra, or the origin teachings, thus these three secret dharmas became the core of his teachings. † (Buswell Vol. 2) The Daimoku, or name, is the Myohorengekyo or name of the Lotus Sutra. Nichiren believed this to embody the essence of all Buddhist teachings. He felt that all that Buddha is and was and ever will be can be embodied in a practitioner through the faith and chanting of this name.He felt that through reciting this mane, the essence of the Buddhist teaching can be transferred to the practitioner in a moment of faith. This was the first dharma of lotus teaching. As with most major religions, and religious sects, there is an identifying object. The Lotus sect of Buddhism is no different. The second dharma of Lotus teaching was the honzon, or object of worship. During Nichiren’s lifetime he developed a calligraphy Mandala, an example of which you can see above. This is an example of the item of worship you would bear reverence to in this sect of Buddhism, and this can be found in every Lotus Buddhist temple.Namu Myohorengekyo is inscribed down the center, and to the left and right are inscribed the names of Buddha, along with the representatives of the assembly of the Lotus Sutra. The third dharma is the most controversial. The kaidan is to some a platform of belief, while to others it is a physical thing. By definition it is a platform loosely described in Nichiren’s writings. It is more definitely an ordination platform. In the esoteric sense it means that wherever one embraces the Lotus sutra is the Buddha land.There is not much to say about this but to say that Nichiren has mixed reviews on what he believed this to be. â€Å"Zen is the Japanese pronunciation of the Japanese character Chan† (Buswell Vol. 2). This was one of the first quotes in my paper, and allows us to look at Zen in a different light. While it remains the Zen school of Buddhism in Japan, it is a branch of the Chan school of Buddhism, thus to look at Zen, you mu st first see Chan. This section will look into both the Japanese Zen Buddhism, and the Soto Chan Buddhism.Japanese Zen Buddhism is almost exactly like the original Chan School, because it took upon itself Chan concepts in Japanese style. There is not much of a difference between the Chan School and central Buddhist practice, and thus I will not look deeply into it. One of the primary notable things about the Zen school is that it, much like other schools, incited much violence between the schools because of a difference of views. Soto Chan Buddhism takes as its main concept that one is already Buddha, and to take up the mantle, you must sit in meditation without the attempting to become Buddha.This is interesting and much different from what we have learned prior in this paper. Most schools of Buddhism do not see themselves already being Buddha, and most strive to achieve Buddhism, and that takes a huge parting path from original Buddha teachings. Thus far in this paper we have brok en down many branches of Buddhism schools and how they differ in belief. That being the target of the paper would imply that this is the end, but I must make a few additional remarks. In Buddhism one strives to achieve enlightenment. In that cause Buddhism is different from many religions.It takes a walk away from heaven, and strives towards the land of Buddha. But like many other religions there is discrepancy, and thus there is conflict. That does not mean that Buddhism is bad, just normal. There is much more depth this paper could look into, but doing so would make this a Buddhism paper, and not just the cores of the sects I am looking into. To see more of how this paper applies to Buddhism, would much improve the knowledge of the coherency of this paper. References Buswell, Robert E. Encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol. 1 Macmillan Reference USA. 004 PP, 134-135 Buswell, Robert E. Encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol. 2 Macmillan Reference USA. 2004 PP, 595-598, 293 Princeton EDU Nichiren Budd hism, Author Unknown, https://www. princeton. edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Nichiren_Buddhism. html Yusa, Michiko. Japanese Religious Traditions. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. All images belong to their original owners and no profit will be made from their inclusion in this paper. Any profit from this paper will be distributed to the owners of the original image holders at their request.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

What is Bayesian Thinking?

It is common knowledge that human beings commit errors in judgment all the time. In areas of uncertainty, most of us go with our gut intuition, and in most cases this intuition turns out to be wrong. Much of this is derived from the fact that humans are poor statistical thinkers, and thus poor Bayesian thinkers. What is Bayesian thinking? Let us start with an illustrative example, called the Monty Hall problem — famously depicted in the Kevin Spacey movie â€Å"21.† There are three doors, and behind each door is either a goat or a car. There will always be two doors with goats and one door with a car. The player first chooses a door without opening, and the game show host whose interests are opposed to the player, proceeds to open a different door. Since the host knows what is behind each door, he always opens a door with a goat. Now that the player is left with the initially chosen door and another closed door, the host offers an opportunity to switch to the other unopened door. Should the player switch? The answer for an intuitive Bayesian, a purely statistical thinker, should be easy. Unfortunately, human beings are not intuitive Bayesians. In fact, most people answer that it doesn't matter if the player switches or not, since the probability of winning a car is 50% between the two doors anyways. They would be wrong. Now, before we examine the correct way to think about this problem, one might ask, so what? Why does it matter if humans are not intuitive Bayesians, or even more broadly, bad statistical thinkers? Simply, Bayesian reasoning corrects some of the issues with bad statistical thinking. Bad statistical thinking leads to bad judgments and decisions, which have a wide variety of consequences in everyday life as well as in arenas such as politics and science. Thus, everyone should become better Bayesian thinkers, because under uncertainty, accurate probabilistic judgments are useful and important.To give a accurate depiction of how Bayesian reasoning works, let us return to the Monty Hall problem, and examine why not only switching doors matters, but that it is beneficial to switch. When the host first opened the door with the goat, something happened: opening the door gave the player extra information, and thus changed the probability of outcomes. By utilizing this extra information, it is no longer a 50% chance for the player to win the car after switching doors, but a ~67% (2/3) chance. Let us suppose that the player picks the door which contains the car. The host opens either the first goat door or the second (it does not matter), and the player switches to the other goat door and loses. Now, suppose the player picks the first goat door instead, which means the host is forced to open the second goat door. Since the only other door contains the car, the player switches and wins. Lastly, suppose the player picks the second goat door. The host is forced to open the first goat door, which again, means the player will win the car after a switch. These are the only three possible scenarios, and so we see that the probability of winning is two out of three if the player switches. Conversely, what if the player doesn't switch? In the first scenario, the player wins the car, but in scenarios two and three, the player obviously loses. Thus, to not switch is to have only a 33% (1/3) chance to win the car.The Monty Hall problem is a rather simple illustration of how Bayesian reasoning works, so in order to gain a more complete understanding, we must explore its principles. In 1763, a paper by Reverend Thomas Bayes was published posthumously called â€Å"An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances,† and brought about a paradigmatic shift in statistics: by using ever-increasing information and experience, one can gradually approach the unknown or understand the unknown (of course, his main motive was to prove the existence of God). Fundamentally, Bayesian reasoning believes in the correction of probabilities over time, and that all probabilities are merely estimates of the likelihood of events to occur. Through the further efforts of mathematicians like Lagrange in perfecting the Bayesian framework, we now have a modern and complete theory of probability. First, there are what we call priors, which is the strength of our beliefs, or put it another way, the likelihood that we are to change our beliefs. Then, we have our posteriors, which is the empirical aspect, or the influx of new information. The Bayesian framework then takes these two components and mathematically analyzes how posteriors affect priors. If we know nothing about an event, then all we can do is estimate a probability. However, if there is new information, then the probability must be corrected based on this new information. Over time, as experiences grow through more information, these estimates of probabilities will eventually fit â€Å"reality.† In the Monty Hall case, the moment the the host opened the goat door, that influx of new information, or change in posteriors, immediately influences the player's priors. If the host doesn't open a door, the player merely has a 33% chance to win the car between the three doors, and switching makes no difference. However, since the host removes a door, and specifically the door that contains a goat, these two new posteriors directly influence the original prior from 33% to 66%. One might think that this method of thinking is mysteriously similar to the scientific method, which is certainly true. However, To put it another way, Bayesian thinking is how to use some known information or experience to judge or predict the unknown. For example, event A is â€Å"rainy tomorrow† and event B is â€Å"cloudy tonight†. If you see cloudy tonight, what is the probability of raining tomorrow? If you use the Bayes theorem directly, you only need to know the probability of raining every day, the probability of cloudy nightly, and if one day it rains, then the probability of the cloudy night of the previous night will be substituted into the formula and done. The question is, where do these probabilities come from, and how do we infer the possibility based on the information we have . In fact, most of the valuable problems are backward problems, for example: the stock market, through those few signs can be judged to be a more or less opportunity; the hospital, through which symptoms can determine what is the disease; science Research, through several experimental data, you can construct what theory to explain the model and so on. In general, mathematicians, physicists, etc. are all about backward problems, or they can not predict or judge the outcome with few signs or phenomena, and there is no value (by the way, do not know the reverse Problem-thinking people can not fight in the financial market or the stock market. At present, the most advanced research in the speculative market is almost a process of backward stochastic process and martingale theory. It is known that the incidence of a disease is 0.001, that is, 1 in 1,000 people is sick. There is a reagent that can test whether a patient is sick or not, and its accuracy is 0.99, which means that 99% of the patients may be positive when the patient really gets sick. Its false positive rate is 5%, which means that 5% of the patients may get positive if they do not get sick. There is a positive test result of a patient, what is the probability that he does get sick?We got a staggering result of about 0.019. In other words, even if the test is positive, the probability of getting sick is only increased from 0.1% to 2%. This is the so-called â€Å"false positive†, that is, the positive result is not enough to show that the patient is sick.Why is this? Why is the accuracy of this test up to 99%, but the credibility is less than 2%? The answer is related to its false positive rate. Here we see the power of the Bayesian theorem, that it allows us to deduce the unknown probability from the known probability and the information at hand.The human brain and quantification vs heuristic thinking. The advantage of Bayesian analysis is that it does not require any objective estimation, just guess a priori casually. This is the key, because most of the events that occur in the real world have no objective probability. This is actually very similar to the scientific method: we did not know anything from the beginning, but we are willing to experiment and gradually find out the laws of nature. Bayesian reasoning operates in the same way, through continually the posterior probability in accordance with existing experimental data. Biggest problem with Bayesian reasoning is that human brains cannot quantify information easily. The most commonly raised example is Malcolm Gladwell's â€Å"Outliers†, where many people who are trained enough in certain low-chaotic environments make correct decisions and judgments without using the Bayesian framework at all. Firefighters, for example, do not undergo a Bayesian calculus before deciding whether or not it's safe to pull a child out of a burning building. They just do it because they've done it many times before, and have a rough heuristic estimate on the safety of such an action. Similarly, chess players do not use Bayesian analysis to think many turns ahead; what research has found is that through thousands of hours of practice and becoming familiar and experienced with similar setpieces in the past, gives them an ability to predict moves assuming that the opposing player is also rational. Conversely, high chaotic environments, such as the political sphere, is where Bayesian reasoning thrives due to the high amount of uncertainty.The other criticism are from the frequentists. In general, the probability of teaching in school can be called frequencyism. An event, if performed repeatedly multiple times independently, dividing the number of occurrences by the number of executions yields a frequency. For example, throwing coins, throwing 10000 times, 4976 times positive, the frequency is 0.4976. Then if the implementation of many many, the frequency will tend to a fixed value, is the probability of this time. In fact, to prove it involves the central limit theorem, but it does not start.

Paper Issues – Mobile Ecommerce

S30057544 Christopher Navarro Atarama S30057544 Christopher Navarro Atarama Mobile E-Commerce ITECH 3212 E-commerce 2 – Assignment 1 Mobile E-Commerce ITECH 3212 E-commerce 2 – Assignment 1 Table of Contents 1Abstract2 2Introduction2 3Definitions2 4Mobile E-commerce infrastructure3 5Privacy issues4 6Security issues4 7Mobile Client Device Technologies and Issues5 8Mobile devices applications issues6 9Bibliography7 * Abstract The following report is a document made with the intention of accomplishes the first assignment of E-Commerce 2 course of the University of Ballarat at IIBIT Sydney. The aim of this report is give a general overview about Mobile E-Commerce or M-Commerce and its different issues in the actuality. Introduction Day by day, new technologies come up bringing new ways of communication and interconnection, using the great network: Internet. This network, in addition, opens a wide door of electronic business opportunities known as E-Commerce (Roehl-Anderson, 2010). In the actuality, and with the development of new technologies in mobile devices area, make electronic commerce is more accessible, fast and mobile (Antovski & Gusev, 2009). This new E-business model is known as Mobile E-commerce or M-Ecommerce. According with Antovski & Gusev (2009), M-Commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunications network. M-Commerce like Ecommerce can be B2B (business to business), P2P (person to person) or B2C (business to customer) oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user’s distribution criterion. Mobile Ecommerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. Definitions Mobile Devices: Also referred to as handheld devices, are generally poket-sized devices with computing capabilities (including smartphones, PDAs, etc. ). These devices generally offer robust functionality without the restriction associated with heavier, tethered equipped (Harris, 2010). E-commerce: E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term,  e-business, are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term  e-tailing  is sometimes used (Harris, 2010). Smartphone: A cellular telephone with built-in applications and Internet access. Smartphones provide digital voice service as well as text messaging, e-mail, Web browsing, still and video cameras, MP3 player, video viewing and often video calling. In addition to their built-in functions, smartphones can run myriad applications, turning the once single-minded cellphone into a mobile computer. Mobile E-commerce infrastructure The mobile e-commerce evolution is being fuelled by the same forces that enabled ecommerce by PC users (Buccafurri, 2010). According with Antovski & Gusev (2009), there has been considerable investment in mobile e-commerce by banks, hardware providers, cellular operators, and content providers that is leading mobile consumers to eventually have the same satisfactory experience, in terms of content and variety, that they have come to appreciate from their PC Several banking projects are underway to fund the payment architecture needed to address the mobile consumer. MasterCard International announced in May, 2000 that it would launch a fund for start-ups and established companies dedicated to the development of new roducts and services involving smart cards, e-commerce and m-commerce that strategically supports MasterCard’s member institutions (Winter, 2010). Visa, likewise, announced it was teaming up with Cyberbills and Aether Systems to create an â€Å"anytime, anywhere bill payment service†. Credit Mutual, a French bank, is teaming up with MasterCard International and Europay Internation al on an EMV-compliant mobile commerce pilot in France. Included in this global agreement are hardware providers France Telecom, Oberthur Card Systems, and Motorola. Other pilots are planned in Germany, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, the UK and the US. Hardware companies are equally important stakeholders in the mobile commerce revolution (Buccafurri, 2010). Efforts are underway in developing standards and forming partnerships and consortiums between industry leaders to establish the platform for building the mobile commerce industry. Cellular handset manufacturers are leading this effort with developing next generation digital phones that will carry voice and data over new communications networks that will rival the wired market for transmission speeds and internet access. The big three; Ericsson, Nokia, and Motorola control over 50% of the handset market worldwide. They have formed an alliance called the Global M-commerce Standard. The objective of this alliance is to develop standards that will reduce the time to market for hardware, applications, and communications. Analysts predict that by 2003, there will be more cell phones that are capable of accessing the Internet than PCs. The ability of the cellular industry to quickly achieve worldwide standards like GSM, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and WAN (Wireless Application Network) has contributed to position they find themselves in leading the mobile commerce revolution. The consortium has wisely included operators and financial institutions into the mix to make sure the services will keep up with the technology (Australian Interactive Media Industry Association, 2009). Privacy issues Privacy issues have always been a key reason for potential online consumers to avoid E-Commerce (Jun Xu, 2010). In the early days of E-commerce, a significant fraction of consumers thought that credit cards could be â€Å"snatched† off the Internet. Solid encryption technologies have reduced most of those fears, and for the most part, new consumers don't orry about losing credit cards while online (Cruz-Cunha, 2010). However, there remains some very real privacy issues associated with conducting transactions electronically, which may be exacerbated with the capacity to undertake mobile transactions. These include unauthorized access to stored data, especially personal information and transaction history. Security issues According to Francesco Buccafurri (2010), s ecuring m-commerce may be even more difficult than protecting wired transaction. Constrained bandwidth and computing power, memory limitations, battery life and various network configurations all come into play, raise the questions as to whether there will be adequate security for users without compromising the ease of use and speed. In the use of text messaging, a number of security issues have already been identified, and will extend to the use of m-commerce (Buccafurri, 2010). While a direct SMS message is relatively safe because it is encrypted for its transition from one mobile handset to the other, because of its store forward nature, messages are vulnerable to being corrupted. Like voice messages, SMS' are stored on a server before being forwarded to the receiver. There is no mandatory encryption and access protection for storage. The only way to secure the entire transmission would be with end-to-end encryption. Messages exchanged between two service providers can also be violated in transit if the link between the two networks is not protected. If this information is payment details or authorities to make transactions, there is even more danger (Lee, 2009). The reliability of SMS messages is also in question. Unlike in Europe, where message delivery confirmation can be obtained by pressing a three-digit code, no confirmation is issued in Australia. The capacity to check and ensure that sent messages are received will be essential to build and maintain trust in the use of m-commerce. Mobile technologies manufacturers are developing improved security for applications with authentication and encryption technologies. However, there are two trade-offs for increased security, namely price and style (Cruz-Cunha, 2010). Mobile Client Device Technologies and Issues According to Antovski & Gusev (2009), the interactivity devices or mobile client devices currently most important to mobile e-commerce are mobile telephones, handheld computers, laptop computers, and vehicle-mounted interfaces. Hybrid devices are now appearing, such as the crosses between mobile phones and handheld devices (sometimes called smartphones), but the question remains as to what form the devices will ultimately take, which is an important issue for mobile system developers. Usability will become more critical with handheld and phone devices, which differ from desktop and laptop computers in terms of their smaller screen sizes, less available memory, and limited input devices (Antovski & Gusev, 2009). Many handheld devices are limited to a few lines of text, and do not have traditional keyboards. One usability issue is the need for organizations to determine how people can best use applications and access information through different devices. Mobile devices have forced developers to carefully revisit both operating systems and applications software on a variety of platforms (Jun Xu, 2010). Operating systems such as Microsoft’s Pocket PC and Palm’s PalmOS have been developed for handheld devices. Although this software meets some of the current needs, it has limited functionality. The creation of system software with increased functionality for devices with limited capabilities will be an ongoing challenge. Another important building block for this emerging infrastructure landscape may be the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), which enables wireless devices such as mobile phones to access the Internet (Kr. Sharma, Sharma, & Raj, 2011). Many WAP-enabled devices have already appeared, although there is doubt as to whether WAP will become a globally accepted standard, especially with the popularity of Japan’s i-mode. Developers ultimately face the issue of deciding which set of protocols to accept, or risk the potential problems of working with multiple standards and/or choosing to ignore some. Mobile devices applications issues Many of mobile devices applications are currently constrained by technology limitations and issues described previously. According Juhnyoung Lee (2009), there are two fundamental application issues that researchers and developers must address are what tasks do users want to do without regard for temporal or spatial constraints and how to provide support for these tasks through wireless applications. Mobile e-commerce payment systems can also benefit from wireless technology (Skeldon, 2011). One scenario involves a consumer not having to stand in line to make a purchase, but simply paying for an item though a wireless device. Final payments might even be billed to a telephone company. Bluetooth technology may enable a list of available services to be generated automatically on a device when a user walks close to a Bluetooth-equipped cash register. Wireless technology is well suited for bringing e-commerce to automobiles and other forms of transportation (Lee, 2009). Traffic advisory systems can warn of impending traffic jams. Cars will eventually be able to report potential problems to service centres themselves. The service centre might even make minor adjustments to the car online. Car-mounted devices will eventually allow regular Internet access, although safety issues of â€Å"browsing while driving† must be addressed. While most initial mobile commerce applications seem to be aimed at the business-to-consumer market, business-to-business and intranet applications are also appearing (Lee, 2009). Service technicians can be dynamically assigned new tasks and sent problem information while they are traveling. Sales people can go literally anywhere in the field and access product information and customer accounts, although the applications right now are still subject to the constraints of current wireless devices. Organizations must address the issue of designing complex, robust applications that work well within these current (and any foreseeable) device limitations. Flexibility can be integrated into designs to enable future functionality. Conclusions Mobile electronic commerce enables the consumer to be able to conduct their business while on the move. In today’s fast-paced society, people are always looking to do everything on the go and do not want to be slowed down. Also, as technology changes throughout the years, people are now looking for their mobile devices to perform more tasks than ever before. It seems logical for people to want access to the Internet through their mobile devices and to want to take care of their business through these devices. Through the origin of mobile electronic commerce, people are now able to conduct their business over the Internet without having to sit in front of their computer all day. This saves consumers time because they no longer have to be logged onto their personal computer at home or work. This allows consumers to be mobile and on the go. But, mobile electronic commerce has also helped the companies as well. Bibliography Antovski, L. , & Gusev, M. (2009). M-Commerce Services. Retrieved August 09, 2011, from http://delab. csd. auth. gr/bci1/Balkan/15Antovski. pdf Australian Interactive Media Industry Association. (2009). Australian Mobile Phone lifestyle index. Buccafurri, F. (2010). E-Commerce and Web Technologies: 11th International Conference, EC-Web 2010, Bilbao, Spain, September 1-3, 2010, Proceedings. Springer. Cook, A. , & Goette, T. (2009). Mobile Electronic Commerce: What Is It? Who Uses It? And Why Use It? . Communications of the IIMA . Cruz-Cunha, M. M. (2010). E-Business Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for SMEs: Driving Competitiveness. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 10, 2011, from PCMag. com: http://www. pcmag. com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Smartphone&i=51537,00. asp Harris, C. (2010, September). Ebook glossary. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from Library Journal: http://www. libraryjournal. com/lj/articlereview/886887-457/the_lj_ebook_glossary. html. csp Jun Xu, M. Q. (2010). E-business in the 21st century: realities, challenges and outlook. World Scientific. Kr. Sharma, R. , Sharma, R. , & Raj, S. (2011). CONFRONTS AND ISSUES IN M-COMMERCE: A BUSINESS ON MOBILE AND NET APPROACH. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management. Lee, J. (2009). Data engineering issues in e-commerce and services: second international workshop, DEECS 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 26, 2006 : proceedings. San Fransisco: Springer. Roehl-Anderson, J. M. (2010). IT Best Practices for Financial Managers. John Wiley and Sons. Skeldon, P. (2011). M-Commerce. Crimson Publishing, Limited. Winter, R. (2010). Global Perspectives on Design Science Research: 5th International Conference, DESRIST 2010, St. Gallen, Switzerland, June 4-5, 2010. Proceedings. Springer.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Discussion Board 2-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 2-2 - Assignment Example In counseling, the above listed nonverbal communication may occur or dominate interaction when a client fails to corporate as expected. Uncomfortable situation during counseling may develop when a counselor struggles unsuccessfully to make a client open up, speak about their real problems, and perhaps express their opinions about their expectation and structure of counseling. Such occurrence may cause disappointed and los of focus by a counselor who begin to use unstructured and confused gestures in attempt to convince a client (Ungar, 2011). When caught is the situation, a counselor may also change and depict moody facial expression that may confirm disappointment. Failure to cause a client to engage and participate actively in a counseling process may also appear embarrassing and frustrating a counselor who is incompetent in handling extreme challenges in the counseling process. Serious frustration and embarrassment may make a counselor change to make indirect eye contact with a client who may be wearing an aggrieved and harsh face. A counselor interacting with a harsh and highly irritated client can depict disturbed sitting or standing posture that may confirm frustration and

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Marketing - Essay Example Else it is only going to add to the problem of putting a product in the market which does not suit the customer and which nobody is willing to invest into. Hence primary surveys such as understanding the customer’s expectations, segmentation of the markets as per age and gender etc are required. Following tables indicate the findings of such surveys. People within and outside the organizations are extremely crucial for the success of the product or service. Organization cannot afford to forget the people who make the product or the service happen in the market 1. Protection is offered for the structure, any non moveable items 2. It needs to cover the cost of rebuilding which is apart from the market value of the property. 3. The risks covered under the insurance policy could range from fire, explosion, theft, to social riots, earthquake, and landslides 4. Contents insured would be any moveable item which the insurer would take along with him. 5. Clear instructions on services provided along with after sales services. Marketing and promotional activity will have to be aligned with the customer base that needs to be addressed. Home insurance industry should also take into account the state of economy while promoting the product. The promotions can happen through various media such as virtual and real. Direct marketing also features very predominantly in marketing and promoting home insurance. Insurance companies these days deal not only with the in house sales staff but also through the people who are appointed as advisors. It is necessary that both these factors pay attention to the name and reputation of the company providing insurance. Along with efficiency they should also be trained to be customer friendly and supportive. These people should also be knowledgeable, compassionate and understanding. The system of selling a home insurance policy and further servicing it should be based on clarity, honesty and transparency for the customer. There is

Monday, October 7, 2019

An Assessment of the Impact of Government debt and Deficits on the Essay

An Assessment of the Impact of Government debt and Deficits on the Economic Growth of GERMANY - Essay Example Govt Debt% ? 1998 849.393 1,996 2.14 -2.99 1999 876.963 1,997 1.74 3.25 2000 841.974 1,997 3.30 -3.99 2001 890.106 1,999 1.64 5.72 2002 955.4 2,002 0.03 7.34 2003 1,042.85 2,003 -0.39 19.10 2004 1,115.94 2,003 0.70 7.01 2005 1,189.51 2,004 0.84 6.59 2006 1,227.10 2,002 3.89 3.16 2007 1,227.05 2,004 3.39 0.00 2008 1,242.06 2,007 0.80 41.85 2009 1,352.31 2,014 -5.07 8.88 2010 1,402.61 2,006 4.02 3.72 2011 1,434.37 2,008 3.10 2.26 2012 1,553.78 2,011 0.94 8.32 Source: IMF Economic outlook 2012 Â   Â   In the 1990s, when Germany took strong political measures such us reunification, the government had to face several economic constraints as government had to incur huge expenditure on the infrastructural development of the country. Most of the government expenditure was tilted towards the eastern side of Germany, which led to the problem of unemployment. Government adopted tight monetary policy in the 1990s, but it was not able to put a control on inflation as the labor costs and taxes w ere very high. The economic problems faced by the country were eventually reflected through the growth number of the country as the growth rate stayed around 2% on average for the decade (Barassi, Caporale, Hall, 2000, pp. 45-55). The labor cost in the last 1990s was very low amid low demand of goods and services, which further worsened the situation for the country. Government took various initiatives to spur domestic demand, but it failed as consumers were not willing to spend excessively as economic problems ruled the country and unemployment was at its peak. As a result, Germany witnessed sluggish growth till 2006, when it showed signs of recovery (Doornik, & Hendry, D.F. (2001). Government debt and fiscal deficit also had a profound impact on the growth rate of Germany especially before 2005. Government had to rely on heavy borrowing to finance its public expenditures or fiscal deficit. The borrowed money was mostly used to cover administrative and infrastructural expenses. Hen ce, apart from low demand, lower expenditure on other sectors had a severe impact. After, 2005 government borrowing continued at a steady pace, but the impact of government borrowing on growth was not as pronounced as it was before 2005 (Krugman & Wells, 2009). Real GDP surged to 3.89% in 2006 due to a series of reform steps taken by the government. Although, government debt increased by 3.16% in 2006, but focus on job creation and price competitiveness helped economy recover from the problems. Germany took special initiatives that drastically supported the labor increasing their productivity and motivation. It set a wage rate for all employees irrespective of company’s profitability and supply/demand condition (Brunner, 1986, pp. 709-731). Debt and Deficit When government expenditures are greater than its revenues, the excess expenditure is termed as deficit. The expenditure includes development expenditure, administrative expenditure, employee salaries and wages etc. On the other hand, sources of government revenue include taxes, interests, sale of property/financial instruments etc. In order to finance the deficit if any, government usually borrows money from scheduled banks or from external sources to finance the de

Sunday, October 6, 2019

The high salaries paid to CEOs are not justified. To what extent do Essay - 1

The high salaries paid to CEOs are not justified. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example To the contrary junior employees’ salaries have stagnated or dropped and where they are raised the increment in percentage is insignificant compared to the CEOs increment in percentage within the same period. The paper will aim to consider the various facets surrounding the issue and the evidences under each. The CEOs salaries are not necessarily the true reflection of their performance or skills and therefore not justified to be that high. Companies that have awarded hefty pay packages to their CEOs have not been necessarily the highest performers in the business. To some extents these companies’ performance has been dwindling over time. This phenomenon therefore has raised genuine concerns over the unreasonable salaries the CEOs take home. An example of this kind of a scenario is Eisner of Disney who pocketed 38 million US Dollars in 2004 (Stanford GSB, 2005). This was way above the average in the entertainment industry at the time. This amount was awarded not considering that under his 6 years tenure till then, the company’s performance was actually on the decline during half of that period. The CEOs pay when compared to that of the junior staff members has risen to a staggering 400 percent from around 90 percent a decade ago (Frydman 2008). Looking at these figures and disparity one cannot help but question the trend. The obvious conclusion a lay man would lay to this scenario is that the high pay is hooked to performance and level of skill that the new manager has. In looking at this assumption it is in almost all cases that other factors other than skills and performance contribute to the huge salaries. It has been seen that in big companies where the chance of having pay not related to performance, the CEOs end up getting more than their counterparts in the small firms. This situation is usually worse in cases where the pay has been in form of stocks and where the firm has a large shareholder. In this latter scenario there is a high likelihood