Slowest Animals on the Planet

Cultural Bias and Structure in Herodotus Essay - 759 Words

Herodotus writes his Histories for Greeks. Specifically for Greeks living in Herodotus own time. The statement of purpose which begins the work seems to contradict this hypothesis. Herodotus claims to wish to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievementsÂ… [Herodotus, 1.0]. The underlying assumption here is that the author is preserving these events and achievements for future generations and perhaps even future civilizations. The text however does not does not follow these guidelines. Herodotus assumes that his reader will have certain amount of common knowledge. When discussing geographical distances, Herodotus often gives them relative to†¦show more content†¦Within this primary structure lies a secondary tangential structure. Herodotus tangentially discusses almost everything which is brought up in his historical narrative. Any subject, region, or people that is mentioned within the primary structure is a candidate for secondary structure examination. Most often this comes in the form of a discussion of some land that the Persians conquered. These secondary structure tangents often include their own historical narratives, geographical descriptions, and anthropological observations. The secondary structure of The Histories almost obscures the primary structure, making it difficult for a casual or first time reader to follow the overall narative. So we are presented with a narrative history quite similar to a modern history but which goes off on tangents on subjects when they first appear in the narrative (this of course includes tangents off of tangents). The structure of The Histories presents a problem. The secondary structure of The Histories almost obscures the primary structure, making the book difficult to follow. We are presented with two possibilities. Either Herodotus is not a good author or The Histories was not meant to be read as a book. Given the oral nature of fifth century Athens the later is far more likely. Books were likely a rarity in Herodotus time given the difficulty in reproducing them. Given the oralShow MoreRelatedThucydides And Thucydides Writing1054 Words   |  5 PagesHerodotus and Thucydides didn t agree often on how history should be recorded, taught, and observed. Herodotus, in his account of the War for Greek Freedom, takes great care to include the most seemingly insignificant details of Persian, Lydian, and Greek culture--from their practices regarding death to their sexual habits to how they eat at mealtimes. Thucydides, on the other hand, tells The History of the Peloponnesian War from a bias aga inst the clutter of religion, prophecy, culture, and humanityRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Homo2311 Words   |  10 PagesRhodesiensis estimated to be 300,000–125,000 years old. Most current researchers place Rhodesian man within the group of Homo heidelbergensis, though other designations such as Archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have been proposed. Several cultural assemblages have been linked to the Neanderthals in Europe. The earliest, the Mousterian stone tool culture, dates to about 300,000 years ago. Late Mousterian artifacts were found in Gorham s Cave on the south-facing coast of Gibralta. Homo sapiensRead MoreLower Rank And Higher Incidence Of Ptsd During Veterans Of Oef / Oif3424 Words   |  14 Pagesto go forward. . . . Shuddering seizes you, the hair on your head stands on end, your soul lies in your hand.† Homer detailed Achilles’ emotional disintegration following the battlefield death of his best friend in The Iliad. The Greek historian Herodotus tells of an Athenian soldier in the 490 B.C. battle of Marathon who became permanently blind when the soldier standing next to him was killed, although the blinded soldier was wounded in no part of his body. Another was so visibly shaken by the

Conditions of Organizational Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Conditions of Organizational Development. Answer: Introduction: In the recent times, organizational development is a significant tool to plan and mange the overall corporate growth. The process of organizational development identifies all the crucial areas related to the company operations, where change is required. Dick Smith was known to be one of the most iconic retailers in Australia. Nonetheless, the overall business failed as a result of various internal and external factors (Han, 2016). The report will present the cause and issues that led to the collapse of Dick Smiths company. Moreover, the SWOT analysis for the organization will also be provided to evaluate the underlying problem. Understanding the cause for the business failure is crucial in identifying the business lifecycle and making strategies to revive the business (Klochko, Fomenko Nekrasova, 2016). Therefore, in the report recommendations will also be provided that can save the organization from getting collapsed. Dick Smith was once a renowned company but got collapsed in the year 2016 by implementing unethical accounting standards and also showcased fake financial reports. Both the internal and stakeholders of the company were adversely affected. Dick smith Holdings limited was initially known as Dick Smith Electronics (DSE). The organization deals in electronic components, consumer electronic goods and project kits. The retail store is wide spread in all over Australia and the company also expended in major part of New Zealand. The firm had more than 300 numbers of employees. In the month of January in 2016 the company severely collapsed and the exact reason was unknown to the public (Pash, 2018). Later on, McGrath Nicol was appointed as the administrator and the reason for the collapse of the organization in such a short period was revealed. Accounting issues was recognized as the major problem within the regulation and operation of the firm (Quattrone, 2015). It was found that the organizations accounts displayed that the firms was running under huge loss since the last six month and it was not identified till December in 2015. This led the company to bear a loss of almost $116.7 million (Chung, 2018). The firm was therefore unable to create sufficient sales to improve such huge financial pressure. In addition to this Dick smith was unable to attain favorable credit terms, which affected the store presentation, product mix and stock levels. Huge inventory buying failure besides expensive expansion was result of such failure. The expansion plan of the company was not reviewed thoroughly and stocks purchased by the company were over estimated and not marketable. The companys cash receipts were quite insufficient to meet the overall requirements. Therefore Dick Smith was purchased by Anchorage for a total amount of $ 20 million from Woolworths. Later on $500 million of amount were floated on the stock exchange and thus the company Dick Smith collapsed with an overall debt of $390 million. The organizations revenue growths were mostly based on the growth of the store as well as commercial sales at a very low margin. Ultimately the organization was left with a vital level of outmoded and inactive stocks. Hence, accounting issues such as huge debt, inventory buying failures and unable to create adequate sales lead to the collapse of Dick Smith Company. Problems and challenges faced by the organization: The management of Dick Smith carried out enormous purchasing failures of its inventory because of costly expansion strategies and ill-thought. Surplus income of the employees with expensive expansion plan led the firm to get involved in to crucial borrowings. This process resulted in the decline in the entire surplus of the organization (Celik Ozsoy, 2016). Dick Smith as a result began to decline its market condition due to change in the preferences of the customers. Moreover, the expansion plans of the company were also not checked or reviewed since a long period of time. This situation ultimately resulted in carrying high overvalued stocks by the retailers that could not be sold. Later on, a rapid sale clearance was needed in spite of the fact that it was an efficient period for adequate sales. The retailers also could not achieve strong margins from their inventory (Domnguez Gonzalez Martins, 2014). The cash receipt of the company was insufficient to fulfill the entire commitmen ts. There were no adequate cash resources to meet both the future and current commitments that led to the failure of the business. The loss was caused due to poor sales provisions; inventory write downs and various other asset impairments are as follows: Dick smith faced huge cash flow pressure, which forced the diminishing of banking covenants. The inability of the firm to obtain to obtain favorable credit terms had a major and greater negative impact on the store presentation, product mix and business stock level. The companys sales generated inadequate sales or margins to increase the financial pressure that the organization was facing. The electronic market is highly competitive in nature and rapidly changes as per the demand of the customers. Henceforth, it required strategic and drastic marketing and sales plan to achieve the organizational goals. The management also made inventory decisions that have proved to be inconsistent as per the consumer demand and failed in the competitive business environment. The electronic retailer was finally left with an adequate level of obsolete and inactive stock that included a major write down. The financial plan prepared for the retailers required effective financial and suppliers commitment besides bank borrowings. The revenue growth of the organization was mostly based on store growth and commercial sales at a very low margin. Accounting issues: Ample accounting reasons are held responsible for the collapse of the company Dick Smith. The main reason for the collapse was that rebates was treated very inefficiently that resulted in the inflated earnings of the company. Overstatement of the performance also proved to be another reason for the companys downfall. The issues related to the accounting standards interpretation violated the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Inventory issues: the companys inventory issues resulted to become apparent in the November end and the company indicated that it should write down its value of inventory by the 20%. The organization purchased its inventory to reach a particular sales level and observed that it did not only attain the sales level accordingly but also declared clearance sales by reducing its price of its old stock by 70%. The management of the company further discovered the procedure of alternative funding and it was revealed that the achievement in alternative funding was not revealed in a timely manner for supporting companys short-term financial needs. The faulty management decisions, the company also struggled a lot in clearing out the entire excess old inventory besides facing various issues in attaining sufficient finance to acquire new stocks (Martin Roychowdhury, 2015). Failed Consumer services: Dick Smith Company failed to offer effective online services to its customers. The group was alleged for not delivering the online orders for various weeks and the service representative also did not address the consumers complaints. Failure of the fundamentals and basic of the companys management functions has led to the demise of the organization. Moreover, Dick Smith has also experienced various enquiries from the business market due to the decreasing share values. Over dependence on the rebate-driven inventory purchasing also proved to be a major factor for the mismanagement of the inventories of the organization and its collapse. Increased discounts are needed for selling the rebated stock, which destroyed the margin uplift (Fernandez-Feijoo, Romero Ruiz, 2014). Negative impact on Stakeholders: Stakeholders have interest in the business and are highly affected by the business operational actions. Due to the collapse of the organization both the internal and external stakeholders are adversely affected. Employees are the core element of the organization as the major business activities are depended on them. A company is the important source of income for the employees. In exchange of the provided services, the employees obtain salary from the organization. As the company collapsed, the employees were highly affected for losing their jobs. A lot of people had invested their huge amount of money by reviewing the healthy financial statement of the Dick Smith Company. The share price of the company was highly affected due to the collapse of the organization and as result it affected the wealth of the shareholders. The failure of the organization highly influenced the stakeholders as large amount of money were invested in the stock of the organization. The inventory and revenue of the company was not treated by the accountant as per the accounting principles. The whole process has led to the contribution for wrong decision making of the company. The auditors failed to audit the companys financial statement on the basis of public interest. This affected the business stakeholders as the financial statement of Dick Smith failed to showcase the real picture of the organization. The company failed to provide expertise and value in the business and thus created a negative impact on the stakeholders. The crucial stakeholders of the organization were the capital partners of Anchorage. Customers are the major stakeholders that determine the fall or rise of the business (Ramesh Kumar, 2014). This also included ten former companys manager and Director. They were called by the court to answer all such questions related to the collapse of the company. Moreover, the companys staffs, lender and creditors of the firm received few amount from the total income that they have owned, though they suffered a significant shortfall SWOT Analysis: STRENGTHS Strong supplier relationships Program to continuously train staffs Retail stores well positioned Effective online strategy High growth rates Reduced labor costs WEAKNESSES Strategy poorly executed with uncertain future. Not-in store affiliated product financing options. Future market size OPPORTUNITIES Increase in customer needs in complex electrical devices New market Venture capital Current electrical devices provide potential for value added products and services. Development of technologically advanced household electrical devices that continually grows the supply of new potential products line. THREATS Economic fluctuations directly impact the retail activity. Changes in price. Competitors have broader diversity and are very less sensitive to the changes or fluctuations affecting the electrical devices (Gabriel et al., 2106). As a listed organization that sells many electronic products, the companies own various important market shares in the related industry. The report aims to analyze the key capability identification, stakeholders values and analysis of generic business level strategy. Strengths: the company strong brand name is still its strong point in the recent times. Large consumer electronic store network is widespread in Australia and New Zealand with over 359 stores. The companys efficient management strategy is also advertizes through various promotional media. Effective online strategy and improved inventory management is very effective operating activities. Dick Smith has also created a more robust forecasting system. This system leads to minimize all the unwanted and excess interviews (Domnguez Gonzalez Martins, 2014). Weaknesses: Dick smith is a limited industry and focuses on the electronic products and computer retailing. High fixed cost is also another major weakness of the company the expansion of the business of dick smith is generally concerned with the operation of new stores. The market localization is limited to Australia and New Zealand. The brand retail strategy was very poorly executed with quite uncertain future. Opportunities: technological development has increased the demand for the electronic products; it can prove to be a great advantage for the electronic products. Entering global market will also prove to be a growth opportunity for the company (Chen et al., 2104). Dick Smith can lay more focus on online retailing by expanding sales channels more efficiently and conveniently. Economical recovery of the company is also possible through beneficial selling throughout the world. High increase in the underlying profitability has also led to the increase in the profit of the organization or EBIT. Threats: electronic related products frequently changes in the form of obsolete inventory risks. Increase in the renting costs for all the present and new stores is a major threat for the organization. Fierce competition within the business environment further leads to the changes in the prices of the goods and services. The profit margins are highly sensitive to fluctuations due to the present exchange rate. Recommendation: The major recommendations that are to be provided in relation to the collapse of Dick Smith Company are as follows: All the accounting procedures practiced within the organization should be done according to the accounting principles. There are many accounting principles available, the one that suits the best for the organization should b practiced. The accounting calculations should practice these accounting regulations and rules. The code of ethics and all the code of principles should be followed by the accounting principles. All the relevant material facts of the company should be properly considered during the time of preparation of all the major financial reports. The auditors of the firm should also audit all the companys financial statement and reports properly. An auditor is generally the representative of the public therefore it is important to consider all these facts while carrying the auditing practice. On, the other hand, an auditor also cannot make any kind of false agreement to the companys board of directors. This practice is against the ethical practices of audit. The accountant of the organization of Dick Smith should effectively follow the ethical practices in order to avoid any kind of errors and confusion that is caused by the organization. It is recommended that the organization should follow better accounting framework that would help the accountants and auditors of Dick Smith company to clearly understand whether the financial statements are properly review or not. The management of the organization could have been very successful if the company could have adopted both adequate accounting practices and theories. There are few important conceptual frameworks and principles present in the accounting system. The professional accountants should properly consider all the rebate calculations related to the damage repair and the company. Rebates miscalculation from suppliers was the major cause of accounting misstatement. Therefore, it is suggested that the rebates should be calculated in a very proper manner. Conclusion: Dick Smith Company collapsed due to various factors but the main reasons for the cause of such kind of business failures is irrelevant accounting and management practices. Therefore, it can be concluded that if the companys management was properly implemented or followed, then the organization would not have suffered from getting collapsed. Hence, it is clear that the accounting practices and theory are very interdependent and integral to each other. The accounting practices followed by the firm were inadequate and failed to communicate the business progress. Moreover SWOT analysis of the organization is also done to ascertain both the internal and external practices of the firm. It is revealed that the company has growth opportunities and could achieve success in the long run by practicing proper accounting practices recommended above. References: Buono, A. F., Subbiah, K. (2014). Internal consultants as change agents: Roles, responsibilities and organizational change capacity.Organizational Development Journal,32(2), 35-53. Celik, A., Ozsoy, N. (2016). Organizational Change: Where Have We Come From and Where Are We Going?.International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences,6(1), 134-141. Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Nevo, S., Jin, J., Wang, L., Chow, W. S. (2014). IT capability and organizational performance: the roles of business process agility and environmental factors.European Journal of Information Systems,23(3), 326-342. Chung, F. (2018).Revealed: What caused Dick Smith's collapse.NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11674299 Domnguez Gonzalez, R. V., Martins, M. F. (2014). Knowledge management: an analysis from the organizational development.Journal of technology management innovation,9(1), 131-147. Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S., Ruiz, S. (2014). Commitment to corporate social responsibility measured through global reporting initiative reporting: Factors affecting the behavior of companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,81, 244-254. Gabriel, T. J., Teasley, R., Walker, W. J., Schraeder, M., Jordan, M. H. (2016). The" Corps" of the Matter: An Illustration of Collaborative Engagement for Organizational Development.Organization Development Journal,34(3), 25. Gelfand, M. J., Aycan, Z., Erez, M., Leung, K. (2017). Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and organizational behavior: A hundred-year journey.Journal of Applied Psychology,102(3), 514. Han, M. (2016).What killed Dick Smith? Inside the Dick Smith collapse.Financial Review. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/appliances/what-killed-dick-smith-inside-the-dick-smith-collapse-20160908-grbgw6 Klochko, E. N., Fomenko, N. M., Nekrasova, V. V. (2016). Modelling of Network Mechanisms of Management in the Conditions of Organizational Development.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(1S). Maas, K., Schaltegger, S., Crutzen, N. (2016). Integrating corporate sustainability assessment, management accounting, control, and reporting.Journal of Cleaner Production,136, 237-248. Martin, X., Roychowdhury, S. (2015). Do financial market developments influence accounting practices? Credit default swaps and borrowers? reporting conservatism.Journal of Accounting and Economics,59(1), 80-104. Pash, C. (2018).The 8 causes of Dick Smith's collapse.Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/dick-smiths-administrators-have-outlined-the-8-underlying-causes-of-the-companys-collapse-2016-7 Quattrone, P. (2015). Governing social orders, unfolding rationality, and Jesuit accounting practices: A procedural approach to institutional logics.Administrative Science Quarterly,60(3), 411-445. Ramesh, R., Kumar, K. S. (2014). Role of Employee Empowerment in Organizational Development.International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM),2(8), 1241-1245.

None Provided Essay Summary Example For Students

None Provided Essay Summary What would happen if I were to walk into a crowded restaurant and opened fire on the people inside, killing one? Well, more than likely I would be hauled off to jail and sentenced for murder. If murder is illegal then how come everyday women are continually having abortions? What is the difference between abortion and murder both of them involve taking the life of a living human being. How come the question of abortion is still undecided? If it is illegal to go out and kill someone then it should be illegal to receive an abortion.Abortion, many women feel that abortions do not take the life of a living human being. Wrong, from the moment of conception that baby is a living, breathing creation of God.Plus most women have abortions during the third trimester of pregnancy. In the third trimester the baby is developing lungs, arms and legs and is starting to develop fingers and toes. So during many abortions the baby is breathing, kicking, and very alive. There are many ways that abortions are performed. There is the partial-birth abortion, salt poisoning, and the suction or vacuum. However abortions are performed they are cruel and unnecessary. There are many other options besides having an abortion like adoption. There are millions of couples around the world that want so badly to have a child and then there are the millions that are destroying babys everyday.The abortion procedures go as followed:Partial-Birth Abortions- when the baby is partially delivered and then the doctor jam a pair of scissors into the back of the babys skull. Then the scissors are removed and a suction tube is placed inside of the babys skull. The tube is then turned on and the powerful suction sucks the babys brains out. Then the baby is delivered the rest of the way and tossed aside like a rag doll. The partial-birth abortion is the most widely used abortion technique. Salt Poisoning abortions take place when the mother has a doctor inject into the uterus a saline solution. The solution travels its way down into the babys lungs and starts to burn. The salt beings eating away at the babys lungs and basically suffocatesthe baby. Most babies that are aborted by the salt poisoning method will look like bright red candy apples. This is because the salt burns the layers of babys skin making them bright red. The salt poisoning method is the most painful for the baby because it takes up to hours for them to die and then some are born still alive. The last abortion technique is the vacuum. Vacuum abortions start out with the doctor inserting a power suction tube into the uterus where the baby is. Then the suction is turned on and by the guide of the sonogram picture the doctor starts sucking off limbs of the baby. The baby is fully alive and moving when the suction grabs a hold of the babys arms or legs and rips them off. All that is left in the uterus after everything is sucked out is the head. Then the doctor inserts a pair of forceps and crushes the skull of the baby so the suction tube can remove it. The baby is not the only one that suffers; many mothers that have abortions may put themselves at risk of infertility, depression, or even death.Post Abortion Syndrome may cause; if not treated depression and may even make the mother resort to suicide. Infertility may happen if the doctor slips and cuts parts of the uterus or the fallopian tubes. Death happens when the doctor cuts part of the uterus and the fallopian tubes causing internal bleeding. .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 , .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .postImageUrl , .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 , .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:hover , .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:visited , .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:active { border:0!important; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:active , .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071 .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a0835e19637fdc6dd4137bf05fb5071:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary Of Kants Life EssayShe was a young mother, single and carrying a second child, struggling to survive on minimum wage and welfare. He was a prominent man that had built himself a career out of performing abortions on women. During a routine abortion their fates collided. Within hours Sharon Hampltlon was dead and Bruce Steir was fighting for his freedom. At the center of the case is Steir who performed about 1,000 abortions each year, mostly at clinics in Sacramento, Chico, Santa Rosa, Redding, and Oakland. A couple of hours after Hampltons abortion, as the facility was closing, workers wheeled her to her mothers car. Doris Hamplton said her daughter appeared groggy . When her son Curtis, then three, asked her if she was okay she responded in barely a whisper. She just told him she loved him and then got very quiet. Doris Hamplton recalled in an interview in her home.It was dark then and I though she was sleeping, but when I got her home she wouldnt wake. Sharon Hamptlon died of a perforated uterus in the back of her mothers car on the way home. Many women jump into having an abortion because it gets rid of the problem quickly. Why should a baby be considered a problem? When we were little girls we dreamed of the day we would be a mommy and today we are having abortions to end that nightmare once a dream. Just as the doctor in the story is fighting to stay out of jail, who now is fighting for that babys life that he ended. Nobody, because the baby was forgot about the minute it was disposed of. On the other side of the story some women regret having abortions. As I walked into the abortion clinic in Washington, D.C. on April 6th 1988, I was immediately given valium to calm me and probably keep me from backing out on the abortion. My $750.00 was taken from me and I could not get it back. In the waiting room there were at least 20 women. One was eight months pregnant and said she had been waiting for a long time to save enough money for the abortion. At 16 weeks I was convinced that it was just tissue. A sonogram was taken but I was not allowed to review the results. I then was given a psychological evaluation to make sure I was in good mind. Then it was time, I was strapped down to a bed and then they started. I was the most traumatic time in my life. I screamed uncontrollably and the nurses told me shut-up. If I moved my cervix would be destroyed. I could feel pools of warm blood running down my legs. The suction was so powerful it felt like my insides were being ripped out. Then the doctor said hold still we have to get all the parts. Par ts? I thought it was just tissue, when I pushed the doctor out of the way I saw my baby boy lying in pieces on the table. They quickly hid the evidence and wheeled me out of the room. The waiting room was full of other women in the fetal position crying. This experience of this woman is the experience that most women have. They are tossed around like nothing and the doctors only interested in the money treat them like animals. This woman was convinced by the doctor; just to get her money that her baby was only tissue. Who am I to criticize? If you were rapped by a person that you did not know and got pregnant should it be your choice to have an abortion? It should always be the womens choice but it should not be the governments. Abortions should only be legal in times where the mothers life is in danger. Who knows miracles happen everyday and what once threatened the mothers life may actually turn out to be nothing. .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 , .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .postImageUrl , .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 , .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:hover , .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:visited , .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:active { border:0!important; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:active , .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167 .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb39be417921fb4bfe13de4e7f0ce167:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder2 EssayAbortions are not Gods way of aborting a pregnancy that could be harmful to the baby or mother. Miscarriages are the way God stops a pregnancy that shouldnt happen. Every women should have the choice to do what they want, but I can not side with something that is against everything my family believes in, or my church believes in. I feel abortion is wrong, but that is not what some other women may feel. All that needs to be said is that a women should make her own decision. Bibliography:

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act

Introduction A couple of decades ago children with learning disabilities were rarely identified. As the years passed by, the number of children with learning disabilities has been increasing rapidly. At the moment almost half of the children with disabilities comprise of children with learning disabilities (Douglas Lynn, 2006, p. 93).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why the United States came up with the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) which has been used for over thirty years to identify children with learning disabilities. According to this act, identification of children with learning disabilities was conducted by the use of IQ test. However, the gradual increase in the number of individuals with learning disabilities led to the disapproval of this method. It was necessary to modi fy this law and in the year 2004 President George Bush signed into law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, an improvement of the Individuals with Educational Disabilities Act (Douglas Lynn, 2006, p. 93). The main aim of this paper is to analyze this law and its application in response to interaction. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act This new act has got almost the same elements as the previous law apart from one thing; the use of response to intervention (RTI) in identifying students with learning disorder instead of IQ test. With this new method early identification of children with educational failure is achieved unlike in the previous method. According to Lynn (2007) RTI offers practical solutions to problems which IQ tests failed to address since it helps struggling students to recover faster (p.13). This is because RTI distinguishes those students who perform poorly because of disabilities from those students who perform poor ly as a result of inadequate action. As a result of this separation and early identification school performances tend to improve and the number of children with learning disabilities is minimized making this programme to be a successful tool in the process of learning disability identification. Response to Intervention (RTI) Response to intervention is the method that is used by the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act to detect students with learning disabilities. This method uses a variety of steps to identify the children with learning disabilities and has procedures which are necessary to help them academically. To identify children with learning disabilities, a subgroup of underperforming students is first identified. This is done in the first month of a new academic year by using the test scores of the previous year or by giving a test to all the students and use this results. From these results one can select underperforming students by either selecting the students who score below the 25% mark or those who score below the average mark. This procedure should be done in all grades.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once this group has been identified then their responsiveness to education is monitored over a period of time. In order to find out whether there is progress in these students, periodical high stake tests are conducted. The students who score above a certain percentile mark (20% for example) exhibit sign of improvement while those who score below the expected mark should be subjected to a more vigorous training either inside or outside the classroom. The progress of these students can be assessed as done earlier during the first tier. According to Douglas and Lynn (2006) it is advisable to conduct the comparison of underperforming students at local and national levels. Weekly progress of these students should also be conducted (p .94). Intervention in RTI Intervention in RTI is achieved by several methods. The first form of interaction aims at detecting early problem of reading. This ensures that no child is lagging behind as others progress. As a result RTI is an essential aspect of the reading first policy in the current school curriculum in the United States. RTI has got different levels making it to be multitired. As a student moves from one level to another the training becomes more intense. This ensures that necessary intervention and attention is given to the students in a bid to help them improve academically. Another intervention conducted in RTI is problem solving. Practitioners prefer the use of standard protocols in problem solving. RTI has got up to four different levels of problem solving (Ikeda and Gustafson, 2002). In level one the teacher works hand in hand with the parents of the student to solve his/her academic problems. In the second level the teacher works together with his colleagues i n the school to identify the problem of the student and select which measures to implement. Failure of this leads to level three which involves professionals from Heartland staff who use behavioral strategies to solve the problems of the student. If this fails then level four commences and it entails special education assistance. All through this process the student responsiveness to the programme is the driving force that determines which method should be applied. Standard treatment protocol is also used in problem solving. However, unlike in problem solving where each student was subjected to a different method in standard treatment control all the students are subjected to similar methods for a specific period of time and then evaluated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those who respond positively to the trea tment are returned back to class while those who respond negatively move to the second tier to where more intense training is administered. Those who respond well to the second tier training are returned back to class. Those who respond poorly are suspected to have disabilities and further investigations commence. Reasons for RTI preference over IQ The incorporation of identification of students with learning disabilities started in the 1970 and IQ tests were used for the purpose of identification. During that time only 2% of the students were identified with learning disabilities. The number however increased to around 6% in 1999-2000 (Douglas Lynn, 2006, p. 96). Conducting this programme is quite expensive (about three times the cost of education a normal child). Therefore as a result the government ended up spending a lot of money running the programme. The increase in number of students with learning disabilities over time also made the IQ method not to be seen as productive. T he IQ method has been criticized since there is no standard procedure to compute it, its size and which tests are to be used to determine the IQ of an individual. Due to these inconsistencies the IQ failed to distinguish correctly students with learning disabilities from low academic achievers. That is why the government developed the new Act which uses RTI in identifying learning disabilities. RTI has managed to find solutions to the problems which came up as a result of using IQ. Conclusion Since the 1970`s the US government has been using IQ as a means of identifying students with learning disabilities. However, this programme has proved not to be effective since the number of students with disabilities increased with time. That is why the government introduced RTI to solve the shortcomings of the IQ method. References Douglas, F., Lynn, F. (2006). Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? Reading Research Quartely, 93-99. Web. Ikeda, M., Gustafs on, J.K. (2002). Heartland AEA 11’s problem solving process: Impact on issues related to special education (Research Rep. No. 2002–01). Johnston, IA: Heartland Area Education Agency 11.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lynn, F. (2007). Special education faculty pioneer Responsiveness to Intervention. Web. 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Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams

Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams Introduction Various organisations currently operate at the global business interface that is characterised by intense competition, dynamic changes in consumer needs, emerging trends of new products, changing technology, and different cultures.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such businesses strive to maintain operations that are geared towards striking a balance between the influences of the above factors. Most multinational businesses usually establish subsidiary branches in numerous countries across transnational borders with a view of expanding their market bases by attracting international consumers. For this reason, implementation of virtual teams of different employees from culturally diverse origins becomes a crucial interplay in the involved businesses since they facilitate communication amongst diverse consume rs, employees, and subsidiary firms. Currently, many businesses are adopting virtual management whereby managers do not necessarily need to maintain physical contact with their employees. The research proposal aims at investigating effective communication and motivation techniques in the management of in virtual teams across transnational borders. Background According to Huang, Kahai, and Jestice (2010), virtual team management is a phenomenon that surpasses the limitations of time and space boundaries that are experienced in visual interactions. Misunderstanding of cultural differences, marginalisation, language barrier, team disunity, and mistrust are some of the issues that are associated with virtual team management. For instance, the GE Energy, an electricity management company in Atlanta recently faced an increasing number of diverse cultural workforces in its areas of operations. This situation led to the development of programs such as the GE Connect and WebEx to provide an insight into ‘Working in Virtual Teams’.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The GE Connect and WebEx software adds a phone tab to the GE WebEx connects. The system can command the computer to manage call dials, history, waiting indicators, media, and instant messaging among others. Employees who do not understand common communication languages such as English among other dialects can successfully interact with their colleagues using the system to improve their communication. This situation is an implication of a need to conduct more research on the techniques and solutions to the challenges that arise from the management of virtual transactional teams due then unavailability of a common language. Literature Review A virtual team refers to a group of individuals who interact using internet platforms and profiles rather than maintaining face-to-face comm unication (Chen, Chen, Chu 2008). On the other hand, a transactional virtual team is an organised group of persons who carry out various activities that are related to trade despite time, boundaries, and space limitations (Chen, Chen, Chu 2008). Virtual teams have become increasingly important for transnational companies. They provide a framework for addressing challenges that result from modern rationalised organisations owing to the distribution of workforce. Capece and Costa (2009) posit that the advancement of technology and globalisation has led to an increased flexibility in organisations as they seek to gain competitive advantages over the rival companies. The premise of virtual teams is to address the location and accessibility of employees due to the unrelenting workforce demographics in the modern world. As a result, the embracement of such teams helps organisations to gain access to diverse expertise and quality-improvement systems whilst promoting workplace interaction s.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this proposal, qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups, and participant observations were deemed suitable for the research in question. The interviews will be used to gather demographic information that will be used to design parameters such as the average age, level of the awareness of cultural diversity, and comparison statistics among others (Creswell 2013). The methods will be guided by respondent characteristics such as feelings, beliefs, perceptions, and ideas among others. Such aspects will guide the researcher to design appropriate interview schedules. Information concerning the communication techniques and patterns of the organisation will be gathered through textual analysis and archival research (Rawbone 2015). Both purposive and snowball sampling techniques have been deemed appropriate for the selection of the participants. Purposive sampling will ensure the maximisation of rich information while the snowballing technique will help the researcher reach the respondents by asking them to recommend their colleagues (Punch 2013). Regardless of the perceived effectiveness of virtual teams in the management of contemporary organisations, various problems have been identified. At the outset, the physical dispersion of persons around the world leads to the development of diversity issues that hinder smooth communication. Diversity management has been deemed one of the most significant challenges in running of organisations. Leaders who have been habituated to the outmoded organisational frameworks encounter a number of management difficulties. The organisation of the new teamwork also requires the leaders to assess the ability of the traditional management approaches to meet the necessities of the virtual programmes. This tendency to shift fr om the traditional to new forms of leadership poses an enormous risk to the organisation.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overton, Hills, and Dixon (2007) also affirm that language barrier is a crucial problem that leads to communication shortcomings in the event of adopting virtual teamwork management. There is a tendency to interpret context differently as individuals perceive ideas, values, and beliefs uniquely. For instance, Overton, Hills, and Dixon (2007) reveal that the difference between high and low context cultures has been evidenced to interpret information differently. Embracing Effective Communication and Motivation in the Management of Virtual Teams A research conducted by Overton, Hills, and Dixon (2007) in the UK on the integration of effective communication techniques into organisational activities revealed that it significantly improved the delivery of a range of skills such as leadership, management, and understanding of foreign languages among others. It was affirmed that the techniques were applicable to the management of virtual teams to foster the learning of different languages for effective communication. According to Nash and Kallenbach (2009), effective communication tools can be used efficiently to ensure proper management of the virtual teams. This technique can also be used to increase outreach programmes to rural communities or places that are hard to reach within a given time such as companies with international branches. The only issue of concern raised in the study was that most of the adults were unaware of such techniques being embraced in current systems of management (Aragon Johnson 2002). Companies that support effective communication significantly lead to the improvement of employee motivation. Employees who strive to understand other languages make the use of effective communication and other resources that are based online. Literacy is among the key strengths that are created through electronic communication. The web can provide an excellent means of developing skills in the wake of digital technology (Mishan 2005; Wagner and Konzma 2005 ). According to Scott and Wildman (2015), most businesses use virtual teams to grasp larger market shares besides overcoming geographical barriers (Scott Wildman 2015). Bachmann (2006) attested that communication enables people of different cultural backgrounds to develop shared models besides creation of group identities. It is highly believed that collective perceptions of other people, living environments, information, or the world create a mutual understanding among the members of particular groups. A survey that was completed by researchers such as Yip and Dempster (2005) identified that communication via the internet compelled many companies to run virtual teamwork. These studies failed to mention the aspect of embracing cultural diversity and understanding among employees since it was limited to electronic communication (Davis, Fletcher, Absalom 2010). Technology plays a critical role in conveying information between individuals through virtual organisations (Siebdrat, Hoeg l, Ernst 2009). Virtual teams with diverse cultural backgrounds can be managed efficiently using robust cybernetic information channels with a view of diminishing the ethnic, racial, and/or geographical gaps that exist between the members of the teams. Dekker, Rutte, and Van den Berg (2008) recommended that companies should implement up-to-date technology with a view of establishing and maintaining virtual teams. Language complexities, cultural misunderstanding, and marginalisation always affect communication. Lockwood (2015) recommended a need for training staff in communication, leadership skills, and different cultural issues that affect the management of teams across transnational borders. Embracing Clear Understanding of Different Cultures for Coexistence in Virtual Team Environments Culture is a combination of values, norms, beliefs, and orientations that exist in a given society. They are transmitted from one generation to the next (Leidner, Alavi, Kayworth 2010). On the ot her hand, cultural diversity is a mix of people having different national and linguistic characteristics. According to Erez (2010), culture is a conception that is passed from one generation to the next. It comprises aspects such as beliefs, art, knowledge, laws, customs, and habits that are exhibited by a person within a particular society. Most people use culture as the backbone for communication and develop knowledge about particular attitudes towards life. Earley and Mosakowski (2000) posit that respect for cultural diversity brings about the appreciation of heterogeneity in the values and norms of people from different backgrounds. This situation brings people together either face-to-face or virtually. Wildman and Griffith (2015) mention that businesses are currently faced with challenges of virtual team management that affect efficiency. They recommend that leaders should be knowledgeable on tools for exploring cultural diversity. The leaders must be well conversant with inter personal cues, cultural differences and diversity inclusion. Lastly, they attested that virtual communication and mutual leader-follower relationships are paramount to the active contribution towards improved business performance (Wildman Griffith 2015). Globalisation has resulted in increased virtual teams across transnational borders. Intercultural communication and interaction are essential due to the ever-increasing globalisation that has led to the movement of labour across national, regional, and continental boundaries. Embracing management with clear communication technology has led to the emergence of virtual communities who share information on different cultural values, beliefs, norms, and languages among other characteristics (Zakaria, Amelinckx, Wilemon 2004). A research that was conducted by Alpaslan et al. (2004) revealed that poor understanding of other people’s cultures and languages accounted for inadequate performance in cybernetic communication. This situ ation led to misunderstanding and distrust amongst individuals and groups in the organisations. However, the creation of forums to educate the employees on embracing different cultures proved to be efficient in appreciation of virtual teams (Whatley, Zaitseva, Zakrzewska 2009).The study does not clearly indicate how communication should be implemented in such situations. Motivation, Good Leadership, and Trust Motivation is also a crucial factor that has been proved efficient in addressing issues that arise from the management of virtual teams. Individual enthusiasm is an aspect that enhances morale and liveliness in communication. Virtual interactions are enhanced through motivation with a view of alleviating glitches that arise from monotonous environments (Holton 2001). A deeper comprehension of subjective motivational factors should be considered because each person gets motivated in different ways. Different cultures also have features that derive individual motivation. Such fa ctors are paramount to the formation of sound virtual teams that are prepared with a broad base of knowledge about their cultures and those of other individuals. Cifuentes and Murphy (2000), posit that other factors such as attention, confidentiality, satisfaction, and relevance among others are components of the sources of motivation. If they are embraced appropriately, they can improve a person’s engagement in virtual discussions that close the gap between varying cultural teams. An individual belief in the ability to achieve personal goals is significantly improved where organisations encourage motivation and autonomy. However, the researchers have not highlighted communication as a crucial element for the achievement of such objectives; hence, it ensures that the individuals are satisfied and open-minded. Maintenance of enthusiastic workforce ensures relevance and improved confidence (Cifuentes Murphy 2000). This situation can be achieved through active involvement in le arning or projects that encompass the performance of employees from different cultural backgrounds. Both employees and managers should be encouraged to show enthusiasm for intercultural activities with a view of acquiring various competencies that practiced by diverse groups. However, communication is crucial for the achievement of such objectives; hence, the parties involved should be in a position to speak a common language (Cifuentes Murphy 2000). Leadership is another aspect that has underpinned efficient control and management of virtual teams. According to Malhotra Majchrzak (2004), virtuous leadership in an organisation ensures the definition of clear goals and role in an attempt to realise quality outcome. Shachaf and Hara (2006) revealed that virtual team leadership helped in the efficient management of employees in organisations where diversity inclusion was highly regarded. Another aspect of leadership is ensuring the provision of mentorship and clear definition of resp onsibilities amongst diverse team members. Collaboration refers to the engagement and participation of people in a group to solve an issue based on a mutual agreement (Bjà ¸rn Ngwenyama 2009). Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer (2015) have attested that virtual teams are becoming popular in work environments. They result in the development of new techniques that are in line with the demands of the global market. This situation leads to increased work efficiency. However, leaders are cautioned to consider issues that can arise due to cultural differences and to embrace collaboration among the members of virtual teams to get the success of the organisation. Communication is crucial in bonding the employees; hence, robust communication channels should be developed in various entities that embrace virtual team management (Miloslavic, Wildman, Thayer 2015). Shachaf and Hara (2006) posit that leadership and trust are two factors that must go together when handling employees in virtual tea ms. People have unique and vast views, cultural differences, and technical skills among other factors. The researchers have failed to show how leaders engage employees in commitment to instil a sense of trust. Therefore, leaders should ensure that individuals who are included in the virtual teamwork show commitment to duty by instilling a sense of trust in them with a view of winning their attention (Shachaf Hara 2006). Jarvenpaa, Shaw, and Staples (2004) also attested that trust that was built among virtual team members and their leaders led to efficient work processes and quality outcome due to improved motivation, collaboration, and collective problem solving strategies that dependent on trust. It was perceived that trust reduced indistinctness and doubt in social viewpoints. A problem of how the trust is build is evident from such comments since effective leadership and management must be embraced. Carter et al. (2015) in his article on Leadership for global virtual teams for t he facilitation of team processes attested that leadership through collaborative interaction is paramount to the efficient management of businesses at the global level. As a result, global organisations require the development of virtual teams through effective management. They have attested that technology in communication has been used successfully to link virtual teams through proper leadership. They have further mentioned the importance of understanding cultural background of employees, nationalities, team dynamics, and communication technology to address issues that arise from virtual team management (Carter et al. 2015). Carte Deines (2013) also attested that team leadership results in improved networking among individuals who are both within and outside the teams. Performance and team development are fundamental functions of decent leadership (Bell Kozlowki 2002). A primary challenge that virtual teams experience is the realisation of efficiency during the implementation of concerted goals. The researchers have not elaborated the realisation of efficiency can be achieved. A better way of ensuring that leaders accomplish such tasks is by the sound institution of self-management and performance standards among the various parties that are involved in teamwork (Hunsake r Hunsaker 2008). Effective leaders should ensure that trust exists together with increased and efficient goal setting techniques that take into account the expectations of employees. They should also give room for continuous feedback to allow competencies and encourage cultural appreciation. Furthermore, Gazor (2012) posits that wise leaders use physical meetings to solve various challenges. However, in situations where geographical differences hinder communication, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing offer the best solutions. In conclusion, the essay has reviewed various pieces of literature on the possible communication solutions to the issues associated with virtual teams in the ef fective management of organisations. Leadership roles are paramount to the appropriate handling of productivity issues that arise in diverse physical work environments. Communication has been seen as a crucial factor in the management of virtual teams across transactional borders. To ensure effective implementation of information communication and technology networks amongst employees in different physical locations, an understanding of diverse cultural values, consumer behaviour, and dynamic innovation is highly encouraged. Statement of the Problem Although virtual team management has ensured smooth running of global businesses, a plethora of challenges is still encountered. One of the primary challenges that are experienced is technology disparity. A sizeable gap is seen in the advancement of technology between the developed and developing nations. A research that was conducted by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (2006) explicated a number of ways such as stimulation of international technology transfer and learning among others than can be adopted by developing countries to narrow the gap. While many companies appreciate the introduction and embracement of virtual teams in their organisational systems, many questions have been left unresolved. How do individuals of different languages and from varied culture share a common goal, understanding, and knowledge without face-to-face meeting? How can such people develop trust among themselves? What kind of technology should the managers use successfully among these people? Such questions among others need to be addressed since they form the basis of the challenges that arise from the management of virtual transactional teams. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) encompasses communication equipment that is used in chatting sites, e-mail, websites, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing among others (Capece Costa 2009). The interconnection between various employee groups in diverse geogr aphical landscapes is greatly hindered due to poor communication and communication channels (Song Liu 2013). The world’s population appreciates the improved development of electronic information transfer that has ensured smooth organisation and distribution of duties (Cheshin et al. 2013). Improved technology has resulted in the development of robust communication means that have ensured quick response to various organisations, which have embraced decentralisation due to the existence of virtual teams. Nowadays, teams can conform and establish collaboration through electronic communications channels that are remotely located. However, there is still a need to exploit the varied opportunities that arise from international interactions. Although communication channels such as teleconferencing and videoconferencing among others means exist, other issues such as cultural diversity, understanding of different languages have not been fully addressed (Piccoli, Powell, Ives 2004). The contemporary world is characterised by fast development virtual teams with varied cultural, personal, and functional origins. If such topographies are not handled effectively, they can cause problems such as conflicts, disunity, and mistrust in organisations. The differences can be heightened due to the existence of geographical differences, poor communication, and lack of motivation, misunderstanding, and failure to appreciate the significance of cultural diversity and movement of labour across transnational boundaries (Piccoli, Powell, Ives 2004). Virtual teams can only perform well if proper management that embraces proper communication, motivation, appreciates cultural diversity, and creates collaboration based on the common goals of virtual teams among others. A majority of the studies have revealed that communication is the sole factor for the efficient management of virtual teams (Piccoli, Powell, Ives 2004). For instance, Taha, Ahmed, and Ale Ebrahim (2009) upheld such views by mentioning that advanced communication technology has enabled international business leaders to manage teams in distant work environments. The development of technology, especially in the twenty-first century, is a timely framework for the passage of information from one party to another by teleconferencing, videoconferencing, e-mailing, social networking, and online chatting. Although the aforementioned underpinnings are highly regarded, virtual team management requires a consideration of factors such as cultural diversity, respect, trust, and motivation among other aspects (Taha, Ahmed, Ale Ebrahim 2009). The researchers failed to mention how to incorporate such factors in communication to solve issues of virtual transactional teams. Incorporation of such factors in communication promotes the realisation of a common goal and understanding of the values, beliefs, and attitudes of diverse cultures. Another problem that should be addressed is how a company will ensure appr opriate handling of the above-mentioned communication factors. According to Geister, Konradt, and Hertel (2006), educating employees on the use of the videoconferencing or teleconferencing techniques alone is not satisfactory move towards the realisation of harmonious virtual teams. For instance, the existence of communication channels in organisations that embrace virtual teamwork does not necessarily mean that the employees have a common language that enhances the flow of information (Abbott, Gilbert, Rosinski 2013). In such circumstances, how does the company resolve the underlying virtual team issues? Other research works indicate that motivation among the employees results in the apt formulation of solutions in diverse work environments. Geister, Konradt, Hertel (2006) attested that group motivation is significant in the creation of collaborative workforce where individuals come from different cultural origins. This set of circumstances enables them to identify and appreciate various values, beliefs, and attitudes among other aspects of the cultures of their colleagues. The researchers limited their studies to virtual team motivation and never embraced factors such as effective communication and understanding of cultural diversity to solve problems of virtual transactional teams. According to Keller (2008), motivation encourages attention, confidence, relevance, and individual satisfaction. However, the research holds that enthusiasm only serves as a solution to managerial problems that are associated with virtual teams rather than examining the effects of other elements such as cultural diversity. It proofs that there is limited information on the methods (effective communication and embracing cultural diversity) to resolve the poor understanding of cultural differences that exist in virtual transactional teams (McArdle Anderson2001). Research Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate effective communication, motivation, and understanding of cultural diversity to solve issues that arise from virtual team management across transnational borders. Hypothesis H0: Embracing effective communication, motivation, and understanding of cultural diversity do not help in solving problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transnational borders. Main Research Question Does effective communication, motivation, understanding of cultural diversity solve the problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transactional borders? Study Objectives To determine whether the proper implementation of effective communication, motivation, and understanding of cultural diversity solve problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transactional borders To examine various motivational and leadership techniques that leads to collaboration among individuals of different cultural origins in the virtual teams Limitation of the Study The study will focus on the investigation of effective communic ation and understanding of cultural diversity to solve the problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transactional borders. It will be limited to qualitative research design and analysis. The results will be used to illustrate a problem of communication, poor motivation and misunderstanding of cultural diversity in virtual teams to ensure that people understand the problem. The results will then be used to create awareness embracing effective communication and understanding of different cultures in organisations that practice virtual teamwork rather than the implementation of the plans. As a result, the findings will be based on the generalisation of the available information. Variables Various characteristics that will be measured include dependent variables such as the type of motivation, communication, trust, interactions, and leadership among others. The independent variables will cover the issues that are associated with virtual teams such cultural diversi ty among others. Methodology Research Design and Sampling plan Since the study focuses on investigation of effective communication, motivation and understanding of cultural diversity to solve communication problems in virtual teams across transnational borders, the research will entail a qualitative research design (Mahoney 2010). The nature of the research proposed guarantees investigation techniques thus its findings will be used to illustrate how effective communication can the understanding of cultural diversity in virtual teams are essential. It will be conducted in the various companies in the USA. Managers of the selected companies will be identified to seek contact information that will be useful in the facilitation of the research. Data will be obtained from the focus groups and interviews among other qualitative methods. Interview schedules will be subjected to the employees and managers of selected global companies that have organised virtual teams. Sample Size and Sampli ng Strategy 25 respondents will be selected randomly from each of the multinational companies. 20-percent of them will be from the managerial levels. The four companies to be included will be identified through secondary sources of data such as journals and articles on multinational co-operations based in the USA. The contacts their managers will be contacted using information available about their contact managers or phone numbers indicated in the secondary data. Research Instruments The interview schedule will be semi-structured to ensure detailed information capture. The respondents are expected to understand the both the instruments easily since they will be written in simple English (Cooper Emory 2002). Respondents’ feelings, beliefs, perceptions, and ideas will also ensure that the researcher uses the interview schedules. Some of the questions that will feature in the interview include the following. What do you understand by the term electronic communication? Does th e company embrace robust communication techniques? Does your company use electronic communication in educating virtual employees on common language for your business? Rationale for the Selection The USA was selected as the study area because the country has many multinational companies that embrace diversity inclusion and virtual team management. Rich information on the communication problems will be obtained from multinational companies that have established numerous subsidiaries in different geographic locations worldwide. This strategy will set a framework for studying the management of virtual teams in diversity. The chosen sampling design is also appropriate since the study will focus on the qualitative data. The research after evaluation will further analyse the implementation of motivational techniques and effective communication in ensuring effective communication among virtual teams. Data Analysis for Demographic Variables The demographic variables that will be considered in the study include age, education, virtual learning environment, blackboard usage, video and audio podcasts, and cultural background among others. The variables will be analysed using univariate analysis or tables. The results will be easily compiled using the SPSS version 21. The univariate analysis will indicate details about age distribution frequencies, central tendencies (mean, mode, and median), and dispersions such as range, standard deviation, and variance (Bradley, Curry, Devers 2007). Data Analysis for Study Variables Inferential statistics will be used to elaborate then inferences from the study. Tests that will be conducted include the t-test, Chi-Square test, and one-way ANOVA among other multivariate methods (Bradley, Curry, Devers 2007). Ethics for the Research This research will be conducted after seeking permission various multinational companies that will be selected for the study. The respondents will be issued with consent forms to participate willingly in th e study. Upon their acceptance, they will be engaged in the research (Miller et al. 2012). As aforementioned, the research will seek to investigate effective communication and motivation techniques in the management of in virtual teams across transnational borders. It will focus on seeking ways to alleviate the challenges that are encountered in the management of virtual teams with a view of increasing organisational efficiency. Review of Five Journal Papers relevant to the Topic ‘Leadership for Global Virtual Teams: Facilitating Teamwork Processes’ by Carter, Seely, Dagosta, De-Church, and Zaccaro In their article, Carter et al. (2015) posit that competition, complexities, and structures of organisations in the global scene have undergone tremendous change. However, with increased and sophisticated means of communication, linking virtual teams has become easier. This situation has resulted in effective management of business operations. Carter et al. (2015) further aff irm that managers must ensure a deeper understanding of cultural backgrounds, nationalities, communication technology, and team dynamics to resolve hitches the that arise from the management of virtual teams (Carter et al. 2015). ‘Structuring Successful Global Virtual Teams’ by Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer According to Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer (2015), teams have become paramount to efficient production in organisations. They further attest that teamwork results in increased the work handling capacity. It also provides new techniques that align with the demands of the global market. However, Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer (2015) posit that leaders should consider issues that can arise due to cultural differences. Resourceful collaboration among the members of virtual teams is required for the success of any organisation. However, communication is a crucial factor in creation and maintenance of bonds among employees. Robust communication channels should be deve loped by implementing advanced technological systems. Therefore, managers should ensure that methods such as videoconferencing and teleconferencing are implemented for success in management of virtual teams (Miloslavic, Wildman, Thayer 2015). ‘Leading Global Teams Means Dealing with Different’ by Wildman Griffith Wildman and Griffith (2015) attest that the current global business is faced with challenges that affect efficient virtual team leadership. Leaders must have the right knowledge and tools to explore cultural diversity with a view of alleviating challenges that are related to the embracement of virtual teams. Wildman and Griffith (2015) claim that leaders should be aware of interpersonal cues, diversity inclusion, and appreciation of the world’s diverse cultures. Factors such as virtual communication and mutual leader-follower relationships are paramount to the active contribution towards improved business performance (Wildman Griffith 2015). ‘Cu lture, Communication, and Conflict: A Review of the Global Virtual Team Literature’ by Scott Wildman Scott and Wildman (2015) view virtual teams as the most modern techniques used in various organisations to capture large market shares, meet vast needs of consumers, and overcome geographical barriers. In a research that was conducted prior to publishing of the article, Scott and Wildman (2015) found that the primary issues that dominated their findings regarding virtual information included cultural diversity, effective communication, and conflict management. Scott and Wildman (2015) mentioned that teleconferencing, video conferencing, and e-mailing were the feasible solutions for communication issues among the virtual teams. Understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity also play a critical role in the management of virtual teams (Scott Wildman 2015). ‘Virtual team management: what is causing communication breakdown?’ By Lockwood This article holds that flexibility in organisations and ICT improvement resulted in effective management of virtual teams in global businesses. Lockwood (2015), states that most executives experience management drawbacks due to language, cultural, and geographical barriers. Language complexities, cultural misunderstanding, and marginalisation are threats to the development of collaborative virtual teams. As a result, Lockwood (2015) affirms that there is a need for training staff in communication, leadership skills, and different cultural issues that affect the management of teams across transnational borders. Appendix Time Schedule for the Activities Based on 13-week project the following timeframe is scheduled for various activities Activity Time and Date Draft proposal to supervisor Early May 2015 Submission of the proposal Early May 2015 Approval of proposal End of May 2015 Delivering request letter to research office Early June 2015 Data collection and completion Early June to end of Ju ne 2015 Data analysis and completion Early July 2015 Review findings with supervisor Early July 2015 Review final draft report with supervisor Late July 2015 Submit final report to supervisor Early August 2015 References Abbott, G, Gilbert, K Rosinski, P 2013, Cross-cultural working in coaching and mentoring, John Wiley and Sons, Southern Gate, UK. Aragon, S Johnson, S 2002, ‘Emerging roles and competencies for training in effective communication environments’, Advances in developing human resources, vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 424-439. Bachmann, A 2006, ‘Melting pot or tossed salad? 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Analysis of SSR Sequences in Rice

Analysis of SSR Sequences in Rice 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Plant Material Total of twenty one introgression lines carrying African rice genes and its parent lines were used in this study (table 1) 3.2. Methods 3.2.1. DNA extraction Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of the seedlings grown in fields of Huazhong Agricutural University, Wuhan, China. Method used was according to Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method reported by Xu et al. (2011), but with some improvements. Preparation of 1.5%CTAB buffer CTAB 3.0g 1M Tris pH8.0 15.0ml 0.5M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), pH8.0 6.0ml NaCl 12.28g dd H2O 200.0ml PVP40Mw40, 000 1.0g Tris-base buffer to make sure pH=8 Two gram of fresh or frozen leaf tissue was ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen with a conical hand tissue grinder by using mortar and pestle. The powder was transferred to 1.5ml Eppendorf tube content 750ÃŽ ¼L of 1.5*CTAB and 25ÃŽ ¼L ÃŽ ² –mercaptoethanol. Then incubated for 1hour in a 65 ºC water bath with an interval mixing by inverting the tubes every 15min. Add 750ÃŽ ¼L of chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was done in a fume hood. The samples were gentle mixed by shaking for 30min in shaker at room temperature and then spin in the microfuge at 10000rpm for 10min to precipitate the cell debris. The upper aqueous phase (supernatant) was pipette and transferred into fresh eppendorf tubes. The same volume from preceding mix was put to the liquid in fresh eppendorf and the mixed shaking for 30 min in the shaker then spin in microfuge at 10000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was pipette and transferred to fresh eppendorf tubes, and then 2/3 the volume from iso-propyl alcohol 70% was added to each sample, then the samples was put in refrigerator 1 hour. After that centrifuged for 3 min with the rotational speed of 7000 rpm in 220c. After this step DNA collected on the tube sides. The supernatant was carefully discarded from the tube, DNA pellets appeared as tiny white tear drop-shaped smears on the tube sides. The pellets were washed twice with 75% ethanol, then air dried by inverting the tubes up side down over tissue paper. To re-dissolve DNA pellets 100ÃŽ ¼L of ddH2O was added to the tubes and immediately stored at –200C 3.2.2. Quality and quantity check of DNA DNA was checked for its purity and then quantified. The genomic DNA was run on 1.0% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under UV transilluminator using Image Lab TM software Version 4.0.1. The concentrations of the pure genomic DNA as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis were estimated on spectrophotometer ND-2000. Based on the quantification data, all the genomic DNA samples were diluted to a final concentration of 100 ng†¢ÃŽ ¼L-1 with double-distilled water (ddH2O) and stored at -20o C for further use. 3.2.3. SSR analysis 3.2.3.1. PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis A total of 50 microsatellite primer pairs were used for analyzing and identification 21 genotypes and then 22 polymorphic primers were selected to provide genetic identity and assess the genetic relationships among genotypes. PCR was performed in 20 ÃŽ ¼L reactions by using Thermal cycler touchdown as described by Don, et al. (1991), with some modifications. PCR mixture component The Touchdown-PCR program: PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis using 2.0% agarose gel in 1x Tris Acetic cid EDTA (TAE), stained with ethidium bromide solution. then gel was visualized and photographed under UV light using Image Lab TM software Version 4.0.1. The SSR markers with high polymorphism were further used in SSR fingerprinting analysis 3.2.3.2. 6% denature polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used an unique analytical tool for many studies related to the identification of cultivars, species and F1 hybrids 3.2.3.2.1. Materials A. preparation of 6% PAGE for SSR analysis B. preparation of 10*TBE (Tris-borate EDTA) buffer Dissolved in 800 ml double distilled water, filtered through 0.22  µm filter paper, made up to 1000 ml. C. preparation of 40% Acrylamide d. Silver staining Preparation of silver solution 2.5g AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) 2000 ml Distilled water Then shaking well Preparation of developer solution 28g NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) 10ml HCHO (Formaldehyde) 2000 ml Distilled water 3.2.3.2.2. Method The large and short spacer glass plates, combs, and other pertinent materials were cleaned with water and completely dry. The inside of both plates were cleaned with 95% ethanol to facilitate drying. 650ÃŽ ¼L of Repel-silane was applied to long plate and spread evenly using tissue paper. 800ÃŽ ¼L of glide-acrylamide (200ÃŽ ¼L qin he gui wan + 10 ml 75% alcohol then agitate) was applied to short plate and distributed evenly using tissue paper and leaved to dry for a short time. Glass plates and sealers using clamps were assembled according to manufacturer’s instructions. 60ml of 6%PAGE, 40ÃŽ ¼L of TEMED (Tetra-methyl-ethylene-diamine), and 400ÃŽ ¼L of 10% ammonium persulfate (APS), previously stored at 40C were mixed into beaker. The gel was leaved to polymerize for about 1hr. After 1hr polymerization it was assembled in an electrophoresis unit. After cleaning the wall with 1X TBE buffer, the gel was pre-run at constant 1500w for 30 min to clean the gel and pre heat the buffer to about 60-650. 20ÃŽ ¼Lof PCR amplified product was mixed with 5ÃŽ ¼L of the loading buffer and added 5ÃŽ ¼L in each well. The electrophoresis unit was resumed and allowed to proceed at 1200w constant until loading buffer covered more than 3/4 of the distance. Finally the unit was disassembled and the gel was subjected to silver staining. Silver staining Gel was soaked for 20-30 min in staining solution with gentle shaking followed by washing in water for 3 sec. For developing color, gel was soaked in developer solution with gentle shaking until band appeared. The gel was rinsed in water for several minutes. Then the gel was air dried and visualized under normal light. 3.2.3.3. Data analysis 3.2.3.3.1. Analysis of polymorphism Unambiguous polymorphic bands were scored visually for the presence or absence of corresponding bands among the tested accessions. Stutter and background bands were excluded. Those SSR markers displaying no polymorphisms, non-specific banding patterns or without PCR products were discarded. Molecular data were prepared by scoring the SSR markers amplification profile as present or absent for each marker to generate a binary matrix. 4. RESUTS The study was designed to provide genetic identity for introgression lines carrying African rice genes by using molecular markers. Twenty one rice genotypes were used in this study (Table 1). A total of twenty two pairs of SSR primers distributed in 9 rice chromosomes were selected to analyze the twenty one genotypes. The sequence and the details of selected primers showed in table 2 4.1. Analysis of polymorphism SSR-PCR reaction system was optimized with 3% agarose gel electrophoresis and SSR markers were analysed with 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polymorphism was analysed with composited 22 pairs of SSR primers and optimized SSR-PCR system to determine the appropriate SSR markers applied in fingerprint mapping. Banding patterns generated by primer pairs RM310, RM213, RM202, and RM80 in 21 genotypes are shown in Fig 1.and Fig 3., while RM337 are shown in Fig 2. A total of 91 alleles were detected across 21 rice genotypes using 22 SSR markers. The maximum number of polymorphic alleles was 6, while the minimum number of polymorphic bands (2 alleles) was amplified with the markers RM 85, RM240. The average number of polymorphic alleles per marker was 4.1. Molecular data were ready for recording the SSR markers amplification profile as current (1) or absent (0) for each marker to create a binary matrix. The binary matrix data were analyzed through the use of the Similarity for Qualitative Data (SIMQUAL) module to generate Dice similarity coefficients [Dice LR. 1945]. The similarity coefficients were used to construct dendrograms using the Unweighted Pair Group Methods with Arithmetic means (UPGMA). 4.2. Cluster analysis The SSR markers were able to distinguish between different rice genotypes. The high degree of polymorphism of microsatellite markers allows rapid and efficient identification of rice genotypes. These markers classified the rice genotypes into eight clusters. (Fig4.) According to the results of pylogenetic tree twenty one genotypes were divided into eight groups according to the standard genetic similarity o.73. The lowest diversity was found between ILA65 and ILA78 (similarity level 98%) that strengthen the supposition of close relationship between them. While the highest diversity was found between J23B and other genotypes used in this study at similarity level 35%. These obtained results could be due to the number of SSR markers used in the study or the bias of genetic similarity estimation conducted by the UPGMA-based method. 4.3. Principal component analysis A principal component was performed using 22 SSR markers. The Values of the Eigen values and their contribution to variation are presented in Table 3. The score plot of 21 genotypes based on the first two principal components is presented in Fig 5. 4.4. Genetic similarity among Rice genotypes The Dic similarity was computed according to the obtained data from the polymorphic primers. The similarity index value obtained for each pair wise comparison among the 21 genotypes and presented in Table 4. The similarity coefficients ranged from 23.08% to 97.8% among tested genotypes. ILA 65 and ILA78 were the most similar among all the genotypes with a coefficient of 0.9780. The least similar genotypes were J23B and ILA19, ILA123 with a coefficient of 0.2308. 4.5. The fingerprints for identification The results showed the molecular identification of 21 Rice genotypes using 22 SSR polymorphic sequences. The thirteen Pair of these SSR primers were selected from the polymorphic primers which can amplify clear bands and have more alleles to identity nineteen introgression lines carrying African rice genes and three varieties. Table 5 The microsatellite assay generated cultivar-specific alleles in some of the genotypes screened; these used as DNA fingerprints for genotypes identification. This will be the assistance for the establishment and defense of proprietary rights and the determination of cultivar purity. The core SSR used to generate the fingerprint code of each used germplasm Table 6. 5. DISCUSSIONS In our study, microsatellite markers were used for investigating genetic diversity of 21 rice genotypes under study (Table 1). To this end, 22 primer pairs of microsatellite were used which had relatively high polymorphism in available literatures (Table 2). According to the previous results primer pairs will be referred to as loci and DNA bands as alleles (Sefc et al., 2000). The number of alleles obtained by microsatellite markers varied from 2 to 6 with an average of 4.1 alleles per locus. However, the average numbers of alleles detected in present study were significantly higher than this reported by JOSH et al. (2006) in non-Basmati aromatic rice genotypes of India which equals 2.6. The disparity among reports might be due to genotype number, SSR loci distribution, concerned sets of germplasm and gel electrophoresis method adopted in various studies. Higher number of alleles was found when a large number of landraces from a wide range of geographical origins were included in the study (Brondani et al., 2006). The cluster analysis, using unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) was constructed for measuring genetic diversity and relatedness among the genotypes (Fig. 3). 5.1 cluster analysis based on SSR markers The similarity matrix was computed using SSR markers based on Dic’s coefficient following the UPGMA method using SHAN programme of NTSYS-pc. The Dic’s similarity coefficient for the SSR data set varied from 0.2308 to 0.9780. According to the results of phylogenetic treeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Figure1) Twenty one introgression lines and cultivars were divided into eight groups according to the standard genetic similarity which is 0.73. The first group ILA17, ILA13, STB, STA/F The second group ILA11 The third group ILA145, ILA21 The fourth group ILA12, ILA166, ILA1 The fifth group ILA147, ILB19, ILA172, ILA65, ILA78, ILA30, ILA29, ILA60 The sixth group ILA19 The seventh group ILA123 The eighth group J23B In group fifth we can distinguish two sub groups: sub group V-1 having ILA147, ILB19 and sub group V-2 having ILA172, ILA65, ILA78, ILA30, ILA29, and ILA60 but they were closely related groups. And five groups according to the standard genetic similarity which is 0.67. ILA17, ILA13, STB, STA/F ILA11, ILA145, ILA21, ILA12, ILA166, ILA1 ILA147, ILB19, ILA172, ILA65, ILA78, ILA30, ILA29, ILA60 ILA19, ILA123 J23B Rice genotypes clustered into eight well defined groups in accordance with their pedigree, probably due to the origin genetic of these materials, because most genotypes obtained from other genotypes and had similar pedigree. The studied Rice genotypes were showed existence of genetic diversity among 21 rice genotypes. The SSR markers played an important role in studying the germplasm diversity in rice (Yu et al., 2005). The results indicated that SSR analysis could be a better method to study the genetic diversity in rice. The highest genetic distance was found between ILA17 and J23B, where they held the first and last position of the dendrogram. On the other hand, the lowest genetic distance was found between ILA65 and ILA78 in the same group. This result consistent with the pedigree of these two ILs which shared a high proportion of ancestry (Table 1) SSR markers efficiently separated the rice genotypes into groups consistent with their origin and pedigree. Gerdes and Tracy (1994) explained that pedigree relationship can be used as an indicator to test the effectiveness of markers in determining relationships among breeding lines. Our results showed that the SSR markers were able to detect the extent of genetic diversity among rice genotypes used in this study. 5.2 Principal component analysis The principal component analysis study was also done using the subroutine EIGEN. The PCA results showed that the PC1 contributed 65.1389% followed by PC2 7.8560% and cumulative variance of first two PCA was 72.9948%. The results were close similarity of the results obtained based on unweighted pair group method with Arithmetic average (UPGMA) 5.3 similarity index A similarity matrix according to the proportion of shared SSR fragments was used to establish the level of relatedness between the tested genotypes. Pair-wise estimates of similarity ranged from 0.2308 to 0.9780 and the average similarity among all genotypes was 0.6807 (table 3.). Two genotypes ILA65 and ILA78 were the closest related genotypes with the highest similarity index of 97.8%. This was followed by 94.51% similarity between two pairs of genotypes ILA166 and ILA1. The lowest similarity (23.08%) was observed between genotypes ILA19 and J23B, ILA123 and J23B. As expected, J23B had the greatest dissimilarity with all the other tested genotypes. The similarity coefficients of J23B with all the other genotypes ranged from 0.2308 to 0.4396. It could be concluded that Simple Sequence Repeat markers could identify the different rice genotypes, and some of rice genotypes under investigation have probably originated from closely related ancestors and possess high degree of genetic sim ilarity. 5.4 DNA fingerprinting analysis Finally the thirteen pairs of SSR primers were selected from the polymorphic primers as the core set of SSRs (Table4) which could detect varying numbers of polymorphic bands. Their amplified bands were clear, legible, easy to count, and distinguishable from one another. These markers were distributed among 8 rice chromosomes. The microsatellites exhibited several bands that were shared among the check genotypes. Eight accessions (ILA123, ILA19, ILA21, ILA12, ILA145, ILA11, STA/F, STB) displayed unique bands in comparison with all other genotypes with different microsatellite markers. SSR markers analysis will help the identification and differentiation of introgression lines. The information will enable construct a DNA fingerprinting database of tested rice genotypes (Table 6). Construct a unique DNA fingerprints of the tested genotypes can distinguish each of the tested materials and provide basic guidelines for its conservation. CONCLUSION Through the present study, a total of 18 introgression lines carrying African rice genes and three Varieties were identified with specific SSR primer. DNA-based SSR markers revealed high genetic diversity among the genotypes and were able to differentiate them successfully. The similarity index values ranged from 0.2308 to 0.9780 Highest similarity (0.9780 ) observed between ILA65 and ILA78, whereas lowest similarity (0.2308) obtained between ILA19 and J23B, ILA123 and J23B. Thus, it can be inferred that more diversity was detected using SSR markers as it is evident from its similarity value. Results showed the high polymorphism and abundance of SSR sequences in rice. Total of 13 primers were selected to generate fingerprint of 21 genotypes Amany Kamel Elhabbak